AP Euro Women

Querelles des Femmes

Renaissance to Sci Rev:

-"the problem of women." A debate about the nature/role/status of women, portrayed as prone to vice, needed to be controlled

-French literary debate

Christine de Pisan

Renaissance:

-prolific author who fought that women stereotype, wrote history of woman accomplishments, Europe's first feminist

Isabella d'Este

Renaissance:

-Her life illustrates that being a patron of the arts was the most socially acceptable role for a well-educated Renaissance woman.

-"First Lady of the Renaissance"

-breaking traditional roles of women, pretty much ruled Mantua

Artemisia Gentilleschi

Renaissance:

-Baroque painter, not easily accepted, famous for her "Judith" pictures

Caterina Sforza

Renaissance:

-art patron, duchess of Imola, escapes captivity, puts down revolts

Isabella of Spain/Castile

Renaissance:

-united Aragon & Castile by marrying Ferdinand, strengthening rivalry with Portugal

-expelled Jews with Spanish Inquisition to create a Catholic nation

-supported Colombus

Catherine of Aragon

Reformation:

-daughter of Isa & Ferd, first wife of Henry VIII, marriage annulled by Act of Supremacy leading to English Reformation

-mother of Bloody Mary

Anne Boleyn

Reformation:

-mistress of Henry VIII, mother of Elizabeth I

Mary Tudor

Reformation:

- daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, - ruled 1553-1558, tried to reestablish Catholicism in England

-was married to Philip II of Spain

- "Bloody Mary," she burned Protestants at the stake

Elizabeth I

Reformation:

-daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn

-ruled 1558-1603, firmly established Anglicanism

- expanded English power overseas and defeated the Spanish Armada

-never married and the Tudor line ended

Mary (Stuart) Queen of Scots

Reformation:

-Catholic, Stuart

-abdicates Scottish throne

-Catholic supporters plotted to put her on English throne, Elizabeth I (cousin) had her executed

Katerina von Bora

Reformation:

-wife of Martin Luther, ideal Protestant woman

-accepted/supported inferior role of women running the home

-Luther believed Christian women should strive to be models of obedience

Teresa de Avila

Catholic Reformation:

-led reform for Spanish monasteries/convents, believed individual could have direst relationship with God through prayer (Calvinism)

Angela Merici

Catholic Reformation:

-a northern Italian woman who founded the Ursuline order of nuns (basically the female version of the Jesuits, or vice versa) and helped promote Catholic Reformation

-educated girls

Maria Winklemann

Sci Revolution:

-astronomer who learned in her father's workshop

-discovery of comet

-denied position at Berlin Academy b/c woman

Emilie du Chatelet

Sci Revolution:

-French aristocratic woman

-translated Newton's Principia Mathematica into French and Voltaire's mistress lol

Madame de Pompadour

Enlightenment:

-mistress of Louis XV with much influence over the court at Versailles,

-had enemies who resented her scandalous influence over the king

-patron of the arts.

Madame de Geoffren

Enlightenment:

-hosted one of the most popular Paris salons, (Salons gave educated women a voice in cultural affairs)

-famous philosophes discussed literature/philosophy/science/politics.

Lousie de Warens

Enlightenment:

-supported Rousseau and his family so he could write full time

-organized salons

Jeanne Rolan

Enlightenment:

-another salon influencer

Elizabeth Vigee-Lebrun

Enlightenment:

-French Rococo painter, portraits

-invited to Versailles by Marie Antoinette

Catharine Macaulay

Enlightenment:

-English historian

-one of the leading political activists, wrote about history

-"Letters on Education" 1787 called for the equal education of women.

Hannah More

Enlightenment:

- English writer and philanthropist.

-wrote plays on moral and religious subjects.

-"Bluestockings" Society was an informal women's social/educational mvmt in England in mid-18th cent, emphasizing education and mutual cooperation

Mary Wollstonecraft

Enlightenment:

-English writer/feminist

-pushed for equal rights for women in "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" (1792)

-She was also the mother of Mary Shelley, who wrote Frankenstein.

Mary Astell

Enlightenment:

-English author/feminist

-"A Serious Proposal to the Ladies"

-"Reflections upon Marriage"

-"Essay in Defence of the Female Sex"

Catherine the Great

18th Century:

-enlightened absolutists who brought Enlightenment to Russia

-corresponded with Voltaire

-expanded Russia's territory (Partition of Poland)

-crushed rebellions and strengthened serfdom

Maria Theresa

18th Century:

-Austrian empress whose throne was guaranteed by the Pragmatic Sanction; 1713 (father Charles VI)

-reform ideas/steps towards ending serfdom

-Frederick the Great successfully challenged in the War of the Austrian Succession (taking Silesia for Prussia)

-mother of enlightened absolutist Joseph II

March on Versailles

French Rev:

-due to shortage of bread/bread prices rising

-7000 women marched 12 miles from Paris to Versailles demanding the king redress their economic problems

-they forced the royal family to live in Paris

Marie Antoinette

French Rev:

-Austrian princess who married Louis XVI

-despised by the revolutionary Parisians for her extravagant lifestyle

-considered disloyal because of her Austrian background

-guillotined by the National Convention.

Olympe de Gouges

French Rev:

-Parisian playwright who pushed for equal rights

-wrote "The Declaration of the Rights of Women and Citizenesses" (1791) which appealed (unsuccessfully) to the National Assembly for women's equality

Society of Revolutionary Republican Women

French Rev:

-political club formed (1793)

-lasted less than five months

-brought light controversial points about women and political and sexual equality

Madame de Staël

French Rev:

-ran a salon and wrote widely read books

-condemned subordination of women to men that the Revolution had done so little to change

-criticized Napoleon's regime

Suzanne Voliquin

19th century:

-published a newspaper dedicated to the emancipation of women

-female supporter of socialism

Mary Ann Evans

19th century:

-English writer/Realist author who examined how society shapes the individual in "Middlemarch: A Study of Provincial Life"

-used the pen name George Eliot.

Queen Victoria

19th century:

-2nd longest reigning monarch in UK history

-ruled Great Britain during its golden age (Victorian Era)

-not a big fan of the suffrage movement.

Jeanne Deroin

19th century:

-feminist/socialist

-Along with Pauline Roland, she led women associated with the "Voix des femmes" (feminist newspaper)

-organized workers' groups to improve the economic situation for working class women

-She went into exile from France.

Flora Tristan

19th century:

-combined utopian socialism and feminism

-advocated complete equality of men and women in the Women's union (1845) in order to achieve true economic equality

-She was mostly ignored and socialist men remained traditional in their views on women.

George Sand

19th century:

-real name: Amandine Aurore Lucie Dupin

-female Romantic writer

-defied the narrow customs of her time in an unending search for self-fulfillment.

-"Leilia" was a shockingly modern (and semi-autobiographical) book, illustrating into her quest for sexual/personal freedom

Bertha von Suttner

19th century:

-leader of the Austrian Peace Society

-wrote the novel "Lay Down your Arms"

-Anti-War and anti-arms race activist

-First woman to win of the Nobel Prize

Ellen Key, Nelly Roussel, Marguerite Durand

19th century:

-published French women's daily newspaper

-La Fronde

Paris Commune

19th century:

The Paris Commune lasted for 2 months, but their most radical statement was woman's suffrage. After the Paris Commune was put down, women were blamed for the radically socialist government, further degrading the position of women in France during the 1850s to the 1870s

Amelie Sieveking

19th century:

-German health reformer and nurse

-founded the Female Association for the Care of the Poor and Sick in Hamburg

Florence Nightingale

19th century:

-Established sanitary nursing care units

-Founder of modern nursing

-began professional education of nursing

-Crimean war nurse

Maria Montessori

19th century:

-broke with tradition and attended medical school -Devised new teaching materials that enabled mentally retarded children to read and write

-education reformer

Marie Curie

Early 20th Cent:

Polish-born physicist who, along with her husband Pierre, pioneered the study of radiation and subatomic particles. She died from complications caused by exposure to radiation from her ground-breaking experiments.

Emmeline Pankurst

Early 20th Cent:

-Organized a suffragist movement to demand voting rights for women

-made controversial tactics like breaking windows to get attention to women's rights

-revolutionary/violent acts to gain popularity for her "Women's Social and Political Union"

Finland

first to grant female suffrage in 1906

-later came Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Netherlands, Russia, Czechoslovakia, Britain, Germany, Austria by 1920

Tsarina Alexandra

Early 20th Cent:

-wife of Nicholas II left in power when he joined army on front lines

-allowed Rasputin to control government and went into shock when he was assassinated

-loathed by her subjects

-Raised in England, converted to Russian Orthodoxy

Rosa Luxembourg

Early 20th Cent:

-Polish-born German revolutionary/agitator who played a key role in the founding of the "Polish Social Democratic Party"

-"Spartacus League" which grew into the Communist Party of Germany

Simone de Beauvoir

Post-War Europe:

-French writer/philosopher who worked closely with Jean-Paul Sartre

-wrote the influential book "The Second Sex."

-A feminist icon who challenged many accepted, traditional, middle class beliefs.

Betty Friedan

Post-War Europe:

-American feminist/activist/writer

-Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique"

Margaret Thatcher

Post-War Europe:

- "The Iron Lady" was a neoliberal British prime minister who confronted unions, promoted laissez-faire economics, fought and won the Falklands War, and was tough on Soviet communism. Not a fan of feminism.

Angela Merkel

Post-War Europe:

-German Chancellor since 2005

-leader of Christian Democratic Union of Germany

-she was elected as Chancellor in the years following German unification.