JOINTS

2 points

all skeletal muscles connect to at least ________

muscle origin

connects to less moveable of two bones

muscle insertion

connects to more movable bone

movement

when the muscle insertion is brought to the muscle origin

synarthrotic

joints don’t move

amphiarthrotic

joints have slight movement

diarthrotic

joints have full movement

fibrous joints

• dense connective tissue, these joints lie between bones that closely contact one another

  • a thin layer of dense CT joins the bones

  • examples are sutures, where there is little movement (synarthrotic)

  • some joints have limited movement like the joint beteen distal ends of the tibia and fibula

fibrous joints

generally synarthrotic/maybe amphiarthrotic

fibrous joints

sutures, joints between tibia and fibula

cartilaginous joints

• made up of hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage tissue

  • joints of this type separate the vertebrae, known as intervertebral disc

  • allow limited movement (amphiarthrotic) due to the slight flexibility of the tissue

cartilaginous joints

examples are intervertebral discs

cartilaginous joints

allow amphiarthrotic movement

synovial joints

• most common kind

• made up of __________ fluid

• generally diarthrotic

plane joints

• sliding and twisting movements

  • articulating surfaces are flat/slightly curved

  • found in the wrist/ankle + in the articular processes of adjacent vertebrae

hinge joints

• flexion + extension movements

  • convex surface of bone bone fits into the concave surface of another

  • found in elbow and joints of phalanges

  • uniaxial

condylar joints

• movement in 2 planes only + no rotation

  • also known as ellipsoidal joint, the ovoid condyle of one bone fits into the elliptical cavity of another bone

  • example is the joint between metacarpals and phalanges

pivot joint

• rotation around central axis

  • also known as trochoid joint, the cylindrical surface of one bone rotates within a ring formed of bone/ligament

  • only rotation around central axis

  • helps you twist your body

  • joints between the atlas and the dens of the axis is of this type

ball/socket joint

• movement in all planes + rotation

  • also known as spheroidal joint, consists of a bone with a egg-shaped end that articulates with cup-shaped cavity of another bone

  • movement in all planes — multiaxial + rotational movement around a central axis

  • shoulder and hips are examples of these joints

saddle joint

• 2 planes + some variable movement

  • also known as sellar joint, this joint forms between bones whos articulating surfaces have both concave and convex regions

  • the surface of one bone fits the complementary surface of the other

  • joints between a carpal (trapezium) and metacarpal of the thumb

fibrous capsule

outside fluid of joint, near ligaments

synovial membrane

membrane of fluid cushioning the joint

synovial fluid

fluid cushioning the joint

joint cavity

filled with synovial fluid

articular cartilage

structure found at epiphysis of bone

joint (also known as articular) capsule

made up of fibrous capsule and synovial membrane, mostly made up of dense connective tissue + filled with an inner lining at synovial membrane —> the synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid

ligaments

strengthen and hold joints together

meniscus

C-shaped piece of tough, rubbery cartilage, acts as a shock absorber between femur and tibia

• usually between articulating surfaces of the bone

suprapatellar bursa

bursa above your knee joint, provide cushioning and reduce friction

prepatellar bursa

bursa in front of your knee joint, reduces friction between patella and skin

infrapatellar bursa

bursa below your knee joint, reduce friction between patellar ligament and overlying skin

bursa

fluid-filled sacs, line with synovial membranes, commonly located between tendons and underlying bony prominences

• aid movement of tendons that glide over bony parts

flexion

bending parts at a joint so that the angle between them decreases

extension

moving parts at a joint so that the angle between them increases

dorsiflexion

movement at the ankle that brings the foot closer to the shin, flex

plantar flexion

movement at the ankle that brings the foot farther from the shin, pointing your toe

hyperextension

abnormal extension beyond the normal range of motion

abduction

moving away from the midline

adduction

moving towards the midline

rotation

moving a part around an axis

circumduction

moving a part so that its end follows a circular path

pronation

rotation of the forearm so that the palm is facing downward in anatomical position

supination

rotation of the forearm so that the palm is facing upward

inversion

turning the foot so that it sickles

eversion

turning the foot so that its winged, turned out laterally

retraction

moving a part backward

protraction

moving a part forward

elevation

raising a part like shrugging the shoulders

depression

lowering a part, like drooping or sagging the shoulders