Horses

Alar cartilage

Elastic cartilage that supports the nostril and divides it into a dorsal false nostril, and a ventral true nostril

Conchae

Scrolls of bone, covered in cilliated mucus epithelium, that warm + moisten the air entering the nasal passages

Ethmoconchae

The caudal conchae, covered in olfactory mucosa, involved in olfaction

Guttural pouch

A diverticulum of the auditory tube that cools blood going to the brain during strenuous extercise

Internal carotid artery

The artery in most extensive contact with the guttural pouch

Ventral meatus

The meatus used to access the guttural pouch

Larynx

The connection between the pharynx and trachea that:

* Regulates air entry into the trachea
* Vocalisation
* Epiglottis to prevent food going into the trachea when swallowing

Hyoid apparatus

The structure that suspends the larynx from the cranium base

Retrovelar

Describes the epiglottis position in the horse.

Meaning it sits dorsal to the soft palate, so they are obligate nasal breathers

Dorsal cricoarytenoideus

The intrinsic muscle of the larynx that abducts the vocal fold + process to enlarge the glottis

\
This gets paralysed when the recurrent laryngeal nerve gets damaged

Lateral cricoarytenoideus

The intrinsic muscle of the larynx that adducts the vocal process/fold, narrowing the glottis

Thyroarytenoideus

The intrinsic muscle of the larynx that adjusts tension of the vocal fold

Lateral hemiplegia

Laryngeal paralysis, when the recurrent nerve gets damaged, paralysing the dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle

Stylohyoid bone

The bone that passes through the guttural pouch, and attaches to the temporal bones of the skull

Thyrohyoid bone

The bone that attaches to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx

Trachialis

The dorsal, smooth muscle that alters the trachea diameter

Cardiac notch

The point where the cranial lobes of the lungs arch over the heart

Pharyngotubal opening

Slit-like opening to the guttural pouch that opens when the horse swallows

\
Route of guttural pouch → pharynx, mucous secretion drainage

Guttural pouch mycosis

Fungal plaques on the guttural pouch lining.

This damages the arteries + nerves

Guttural pouch empyeme

Bacterial infection of the guttural pouch

Guttural pouch tympany

Guttural pouch filling with air

Fundic region

The site of chemical digestion

Margo plicatus

A ridge dividing the glandular and non-glandular regions

Nephrosplenic ligament

The ligament that attaches the spleen to the left kidney

Tenial bands

Longitudinal muscle running the length of the caecum.

\
There are 4 in the horse caecum

Large colon

The equivalent of the ascending colon. This has the largest diameter.

4 sections, separated by flexures

Right ventral colon

First section of the large colon

4 taeniae

Left ventral colon

Second section of the large colon

4 taeniae

Left dorsal colon

Third section of the large colon - Very narrow (site of impaction)

1 → 3 taeniae

Right dorsal colon

Final section of the large colon

3 taeniae

Sternal flexure

First flexure of the large colon: Between the RVC and LVC

Pelvic flexure

Second flexure of the large colon: Between the LVC and LDC

Diaphragmatic flexure

Third flexure of the large colon: Between the LDC and RDC

Small colon

Equivalent of the transverse + descending colon.

This has 2 taeniae

External abdominal oblique

Abdominal muscle in a caudoventral direction

Internal abdominal oblique

Abdominal muscle in a cranioventral direction

Transverse abdominal oblique

Abdominal muscle in a dorsoventral direction

Splenic artery

Branch of the coeliac artery that supplies the spleen + pancreas

Heave line

Line created by hypertrophy of the external abdominal oblique, from respiratory distress

Gastric impression

Impression on the left lateral liver lobe

Jejunoileum

Site of soluble protein + sugar absorption, prior to fermentation.

This has a long mesentery

Urogenital diaphragm

Part of the perineum that helps suspend the external genitalia

Middle uterine artery

A branch of the external iliac artery that acts as an extra blood supply to the uterus

Ovarian bursa

Mesosalpinx and mesovarium covering of the ovary. This is open in the mare

Contagious equine metritis

A disease that we swab the clitoral fossa for in pre-breeding examinations to detect

Bicornuate

Describes the type of uterus found in the mare

2 uterine horns, 1 cervix

Simple columnar epithelium

The type of epithelium that forms the uterine mucosal lining

Broad ligament

Mesosalpinx, mesometrium, and mesovarium.

This structure suspends the reproductive tracts to the pelvis and body wall.

The ovarian + uterine arteries + veins run within this

Proper ligament

Fibrous tissue cord running from the uterine horn → ovary

Round ligament

Fibrous tissue cord running from the uterine horn → inguinal canal

Ovarian artery

A branch from the aorta that supplies the ovary

Uterine artery

A branch of the vaginal artery that supplies the uterus

Vaginal artery

A branch of the internal pudendal artery, that branches to become the uterine artery

Musculocavernosus

Describes the type of penis found in the horse

Testicular artery

Paired aortic branch that supplies the testes + epididymus

External pudendal artery

Branch of the pudendo-epigastric trunk that supplies the scrotum

Internal pudendal artery

Artery that supplies the caudal scrotum

Genitofemoral nerve

Nerve that supplies the:

* Cremaster muscle
* Spermatic cord
* Scrotum skin
* Prepuce

This passes via the inguinal canal

Pudendal nerve

Nerve that supplies urogenital structures, including the scrotum.

Passes via the ischiorectal fossa