UTA Exam 4 A&P 1

Chemoreceptor

receptor that detects chemicals

Mechanoreceptor

receptor that detects touch, pressure, and stretching

Nociceptor

receptor that detects pain

Photoreceptor

receptor that detects light

Regarding static equilibrium, what structures bump stereocilia as the head moves?

Otoliths

What is used to help the brain differentiate between multiple different stimuli?

sensory coding

The hair cells of the cochlea send information to the brainstem using which cranial nerve?

CN VIII

Where is all the information collected by gustatory receptors sent for processing?

Insula

Endolymph is the fluid found in the cochlear duct.

True

Which type of receptor responds to a stimulus once, then ignores it until a new stimulus is received?

Phasic

The __________ field of a sensory receptor is the area that, when stimulated, will affect the activity of the neuron.

Receptive

__________ pain is detected by nociceptors in the organs, while ________ pain is detected by nociceptors in the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints.

Visceral; somatic

Pain is a sensation designed to protect the body from

Tissue Damage

Rapid-adapting receptors are known as __________receptors, while slow-adapting receptors are known as __________ receptors.

Phasic; Tonic

Receptors that detect light touch sensations are rapidly-adapting.

True

___________equilibrium helps you maintain balance as it relates to gravity.

Static

This area of the cerebral cortex is the most important when it comes to higher cognitive functions (such as organizing thoughts and problem solving).

Prefrontal Cortex

Which of the following neuroglia maintains the blood-brain barrier?

Astrocytes

Which two parts of a neuron are on opposite ends of it?

Dendrites and Axon Terminals

All bipolar neurons are:

Sensory Neurons

Which of the following is a neuroglia of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

Schwann Cells

In which cerebral lobe are the gustatory and olfactory cortexes located?

Insula

What is a function of ependymal cells?

Assist in the synthesis and movement cerebrospinal fluid.

Which of the listed is a function of basal nuclei in the brain?

Supressing unwanted movements.

Which kind of neuron carries information towards the central nervous system (CNS)?

Sensory Neurons

The nucleus of a neuron is located inside the _______________

Cell Body (Soma)

Which one of these structures divides your brain into left and right hemispheres ?

The longitudinal fissure

What are the main ion channels that open up when a neuron is depolarizing?

Sodium

Temporal summation occus when all of the messages are coming from one presynaptic neuron.

True

Place the items of the nervous system in the correct order for the pathway of a signal when a stimulus is received and a response to it is produced

Receptor, Sensory Neuron, Interneuron, Motor Neuron, Effector

Which one of these areas of the brain regulates fear and rage responses?

Amygdala

The voltage of the resting membrane potential is:

-70 mV

Which of the following best describes how an action potential is triggered

Summation of graded potentials depolarizes the postsynaptic neuron reaching the threshold of voltage at which an action potential will be produced.

An injury to the occipital lobe of the cerebrum will most likely affect _____________________

Vision

Projection tracts

send information out of the brain

Commissural tracts

connect areas in opposite cerebral hemispheres

Association tracts

connect areas in the same cerebral hemisphere

Absorption of this ion is necessesary for the presynaptic cells to release a neurotransmitter.

Calcium

The sensory homunculus is:

a map of where the sensory information from the different parts of your body is sent to in the brain.

Put the meninges in order from outermost to innermost.

Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater

Which of the following pairs of categories correctly describes reflexes classified by their response?

somatic reflexes and visceral reflexes

Which cranial nerves are sensory only?

Olfactory, Vestibulocochlear, Optic

The sympathetic division of the ANS is often deemed "fight or flight", while the parasympathetic is deemed "rest and digest".

True

Reflexes are an example of the __________ level of motor control

Segmental

Which feature of the brainstem impacts ANS activation by reflexively regulating heart rate, vasoconstriction/vasodilation, and gastrointestinal activity?

Medulla Oblongata

Emotional responses, including to memories, by which system can activate the hypothalamus and regulate the ANS?

Limbic

How many pairs of cranial nerves are mixed (both sensory and motor)?

4

Where are sympathetic trunk ganglia located?

next to the vertebral column

Somatic efferent nerves transmit impulses from _________ to _________ .

brain; skeletal muscle

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

31

What is the advantage of neurotransmitter release via varicosities in the ANS?

neurons can release more neurotransmitters more quickly, neurotransmitters reach more receptors

What is the name of the connective tissue around an entire nerve?

Epineurium

Regarding spinal cord processing, both ascending and descending tracts are in the white matter of the spinal cord.

True

The sympathetic division of the ANS is often deemed "fight or flight", while the parasympathetic is deemed "rest and digest"

True

Which cranial nerve is responsible for senses of hearing and balance?

Vestibulocochlear

The ANS is divided into which two branches of nervous system?

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

ANS receptors that are activated by norepinephrine or epinephrine are called _________ .

Adrenergic

For proper coordination of skeletal muscles with the nervous system, information regarding proprioception is sent from

Tendon Organs, muscle spindles

What is cranial nerve III?

Oculomotor

ANS receptors that are activated by acetylcholine are called __________.

Cholinergic

Reflexes are an example of the _________ level of motor control.

segmental

The __________ nervous system regulates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.

autonomic

ANS receptors that are activated by norepinephrine or epinephrine are called .

Adrenergic

In the ANS, neurotransmitters are released from _________ onto target cells.

Varicosities

Which of the following describes stretch (extensor) reflexes?

monosynaptic, ipsilateral

______________ are locations where ANS neurons meet to exchange messages.

Ganglia

Somatic efferent nerves transmit impulses from ___________ to __________

Brain and skeletal muscle

Which reflexes are elicited by gentle cutaneous stimulation of the area?

Superficial

As action potentials reach varicosities, voltage-gated ________ channels open.

Calcium

Which of the following is true regarding efferent spinal nerves and the spinal cord.

They are ventral and motor

adrenal glands

secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted by the medulla, and corticosteroids secreted by the cortex

Kidneys

increases hormone release, controls urine formation

Sweat Glands

body temperature homeostasis

Adipose Tissue

lipolysis to release triglycrides

blood vessels

controls vasoconstriction and vasodilation