Prejudice+Discrimination- Test 2

What is social stigma according to Crocker, Major, and Steele (1998)?

A person whose social identity calls into question their full humanity, leading to devaluation in the eyes of others.

What are the two types of stigma identified by Erving Goffman (1963)?

1. Abomination of the body 2. Blemishes of individual moral character

What is tribal stigma?

Stigma associated with a person's membership in a particular social group, such as ethnicity or religion.

What is courtesy stigma?

Stigma that affects individuals associated with a stigmatized person, such as the girlfriend of a Klansman.

According to Crandall & Eshleman (2003), how do people learn to associate stigma?

They learn to associate negative evaluations with group labels, leading to prejudice.

What is stigma consciousness?

The level of awareness of one's stigma, which can lead to avoidance of stigma-inducing situations.

What is stigma controllability?

Perceptions of who or what is responsible for the stigmatizing condition, affecting how individuals are evaluated and treated.

How are individuals with controllable stigmas typically treated?

They are evaluated more negatively, treated more harshly, and elicit less empathy from others.

What does stigma visibility refer to?

How apparent a stigma is to others and how difficult it is to conceal, affecting social interactions.

What is the difference between discreditable and discredited stigma?

Discreditable stigma is hidden, while discredited stigma is known and acknowledged by others.

What is stigma peril?

The extent to which a stigmatizing condition evokes fear or perceived danger to others.

What are the two types of stigma peril?

1. Actual danger (e.g., contagious disease) 2. Symbolic danger (reminders of mortality).

What associations can a stigma evoke?

Death, illness, drug use, and other negative attributes.

What percentage of Americans are classified as obese according to BMI analyses?

31% of Americans.

What negative experiences do overweight adolescent girls commonly report?

96% report perceived negative experiences such as hurtful comments and weight-related teasing.

How does the perception of obesity change when a genetic disorder is mentioned?

People have less negative reactions towards obese individuals when they are informed of a genetic disorder.

How does cultural ideology affect reactions to obesity?

More negative reactions are found in cultures that promote a blame ideology towards obese individuals.

What is stigma?

A negative effect on social interactions, leading to stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination.

What is stigma consciousness?

The awareness an individual has about a stereotyped attribute, influencing their behavior in social situations.

How does stigma consciousness affect social interactions?

It may lead individuals to avoid situations that could confirm stereotypes and can cause defensiveness toward others.

What is the mismatch of identities in relation to stigma?

It refers to the difference between one's actual identity and virtual identity, which is how others perceive them.

What are two ways to align actual and virtual identities?

Changing how others perceive you or altering your actual identity to fit the stereotype.

What is a self-fulfilling prophecy in the context of stigma?

When attempts to conform to a stereotype lead to negative responses from others, reinforcing the stereotype.

What is a Master Status Attribute?

A negative stereotype that becomes the defining characteristic of a person, overshadowing all other attributes.

What is the withdrawal strategy in stigma management?

Decreasing contact with non-stigmatized individuals and increasing contact with similarly stigmatized others.

What are the potential outcomes of the withdrawal strategy?

It may lead to greater social acceptance but can also increase isolation and stereotyping.

What does passing mean in the context of stigma?

Hiding one's stigmatizing attribute to avoid discrimination.

What is self-promotion as a strategy for coping with stigma?

Highlighting talents beyond the stigmatizing attribute to decrease stereotypes.

What is compensation in stigma management?

Acting in ways that contradict stereotypes to improve perceptions.

How does attributing negative outcomes to prejudice serve an individual?

It protects the ego by shifting blame externally, though it may hinder personal growth.

What is devaluing negative outcome dimensions?

Not caring about a skill or attribute to lessen the impact of negative feedback.

What is the benefit of making in-group comparisons?

It provides a less threatening perspective and reduces emphasis on discrimination.

What is self-affirmation in the context of psychological well-being?

Focusing on positive aspects of self-concept to enhance self-esteem.

Why is seeking social support important for stigmatized individuals?

It connects them with people who can provide help and understanding, reducing feelings of isolation.

What role does mindfulness play in coping with stigma?

It encourages individuals to respond to stigma rather than avoid or disengage from it.

What is the contact hypothesis?

An effective way of reducing prejudice by bringing in-group and out-group members together under specific conditions.

What are the six conditions under which contact can reduce prejudice?

1) A common goal, 2) Equal status of group members, 3) Informal interpersonal contact, 4) Multiple contacts with several members of the out-group, 5) Social norms promoting equality, 6) Stereotyping inhibition and substitution.

What is the jigsaw classroom?

A classroom setting designed to reduce prejudice and raise self-esteem by placing students in small desegregated groups where they depend on each other to learn.

What were the results of the jigsaw classroom experiments?

Students in jigsaw groups showed decreased prejudice, increased liking for groupmates, better performance on exams, and higher self-esteem compared to traditional classrooms.

What is the extended contact hypothesis?

The idea that knowledge of a close relationship between a member of one's own group and a member of another group can reduce prejudice.

What did Wright et al (1997) find regarding the extended contact hypothesis?

When a group member befriends an 'enemy,' the remaining group members adopt a more positive attitude toward the out-group.

What are the three models proposed by Webber and Crocker for revising stereotypical beliefs?

1) Bookkeeping model, 2) Conversion model, 3) Sub-typing model.

What does the bookkeeping model state?

Information inconsistent with a stereotype modifies the stereotype.

What does the conversion model state?

A strongly salient inconsistent piece of information radically changes the stereotype.

What does the sub-typing model state?

Inconsistent information leads to the creation of a new sub-stereotype without changing the initial stereotype.

What is cross categorization?

A technique that redefines ingroups to reduce prejudice.

How can empathy reduce prejudice?

By allowing individuals to experience what it is like to be a victim of discrimination.

What was the significance of Jane Elliot's 1977 example?

It demonstrated how experiencing discrimination can reduce prejudice.

What did the Quebec study by Aboud & Doyle (1996) find about children and prejudice?

Children can effectively teach one another not to be prejudiced.

What is the role of cooperation and interdependence in reducing prejudice?

Creating situations where individuals must work together promotes understanding and reduces negative attitudes.

What impact does informal interpersonal contact have on prejudice reduction?

It fosters personal connections that can diminish stereotypes and prejudices.

Why is it important to have multiple contacts with out-group members?

It helps to generalize positive experiences and reduce prejudice across the group.

What are social norms in the context of prejudice reduction?

Expectations within a group that promote equality and discourage discrimination.

What is stereotype inhibition?

A conscious effort to counter stereotypic beliefs.

What is stereotype substitution?

Replacing an existing stereotype with a new one based on disconfirming information.

What is the definition of Class according to Leondar-Wright and Yeskel (2007)?

Class is a relative social ranking based on income, wealth, education, status, and power.

How is Classism defined?

Classism is the institutional, cultural, and individual set of practices and beliefs that assign differential value to people according to their socioeconomic class in a system characterized by economic inequality.

What are the two types of work mentioned in the context of socio-economic status?

Skilled work (requiring special training) and unskilled work (not requiring special training).

What are the different levels of education considered in assessing socio-economic status?

Middle school, high school, some college education, graduated from college, and advanced degree.

What are some sources of income or wealth for families?

Salary, hourly wages, income from family business or farm, stocks and bonds, inheritance, public assistance, and social security.

What types of housing options are considered in socio-economic assessments?

Owned house, rented house, rented apartment, public housing, trailer housing, and homelessness.

What factors are considered when assessing personal space in a living situation?

Having your own bedroom, shared bedroom, room with family uses, group sleeping quarters, or other specified arrangements.

Where can people typically acquire clothing and footwear?

Home-made, hand-me-downs, thrift stores, discount stores, department stores, or high-fashion stores.

What are common sources for family food acquisition?

Fast food restaurants, convenience stores, supermarkets, growing their own food, or specialty markets.

What is Cultural Capital?

Cultural Capital refers to what you know and the knowledge and skills that can influence socio-economic status.

What is the average home price in Massachusetts?

$649,116.

What is the median income in Massachusetts?

$106,500.

What does a CEO-to-worker pay ratio of 10:1 signify?

It means the CEO makes ten times more than the average employee.

What did the median American estimate the ideal CEO-to-worker pay ratio to be?

7-to-1.

What is the Just World Hypothesis?

The belief that the world is fair and people get what they deserve, often leading to victim-blaming.

What stereotype is commonly associated with poverty?

Attributing poverty to personal factors like laziness rather than structural factors like unemployment.

What is moral exclusion?

The process of excluding, dehumanizing, and punishing individuals perceived as indifferent to the beliefs of empowered groups.

How has the perception of classism and racism been conflated?

There is an assumption that the majority of poor people are people of color, while in reality, whites constitute the majority of those living in poverty in the US.

What is the purpose of discussing wealth division in the US?

To understand socio-economic disparities and their implications on society.

What is the relationship between power, privilege, and 'isms'?

Power and privilege create 'isms' through the normalization of the dominant group's values, leading to systemic oppression.

How do dominant groups maintain systemic oppression?

Through institutions like education, housing policies, and the legal system, which embed discrimination and disadvantage certain groups.

What is the definition of ethnicity?

A cluster of non-physical cultural characteristics, including national origin, language, and religion, that create a sense of cultural identity.

What is colorism?

Discrimination based on skin tone, often within the same racial group, leading to privileges for lighter-skinned individuals.

What was the Brown Paper Bag Test?

A discriminatory practice where individuals darker than a brown paper bag were denied entry or privileges in social clubs and businesses.

What did Harrison and Thomas (2009) find about colorism?

Light-skinned applicants received higher ratings for job qualifications compared to dark-skinned applicants, regardless of actual qualifications.

What characterizes old-fashioned racism?

Belief in the biological superiority of whites, open hostility toward minorities, and support for racial segregation.

What is modern or symbolic racism?

Blaming the victim and supporting policies that disadvantage racial minorities without overt hostility.

What is ambivalent racism?

Holding both pro-Black attitudes (pity for the disadvantaged) and anti-Black attitudes (hostility toward deviance).

What is aversive racism?

The desire to be non-racist combined with unconscious racist thoughts that emerge in stressful situations.

What does the Stereotype Content Model propose?

Stereotypes reflect two dimensions: competence (high/low) and sociability (high/low), affecting how groups are perceived.

What is the 'Model Minority' stereotype?

The perception that certain minority groups, like Asians, are more successful, which can lead to increased prejudice during economic threats.

What is institutional racism in the criminal justice system?

Discriminatory practices embedded in the legal system that disadvantage racial minorities, leading to unequal treatment.

What is mortgage discrimination?

Racial minorities are often denied mortgages more frequently than whites, even when controlling for factors like income and employment.

What is redlining?

The practice of denying mortgages or charging higher rates based on the racial composition of urban areas, leading to segregation.

How does racism affect health outcomes for people of color?

People of color experience higher disease rates and receive substandard medical care compared to white individuals.

What is the school-to-prison pipeline?

A systemic issue where students, particularly from marginalized backgrounds, are funneled out of educational institutions and into the juvenile and criminal justice systems.

What is the significance of the term 'invisibility of privilege'?

Those with privilege often do not recognize their unearned advantages, which allows systems of oppression to persist unchallenged.

How does normalization of the dominant group affect societal values?

It defines what is considered 'normal' or 'desirable', privileging those who fit this norm and marginalizing others.

What is the impact of stereotypes on marginalized groups?

Stereotypes can limit opportunities and reinforce societal prejudices, affecting how individuals from these groups are treated.

What is the role of institutions in perpetuating 'isms'?

Institutions reinforce systemic oppression through policies and practices that disadvantage marginalized groups.

How does the perception of race serve as a pseudo-explanation for social outcomes?

Differences in treatment and life outcomes are often attributed to race, despite race being a social construct rather than a biological reality.