crim midterm 2

Four types of alienation

The proletariat is alienated from the process of labour, product of labour, fellow workers, and oneself.

Classical school of criminology

Originated from Cesare Beccaria's 1764 publication 'On Crimes and Punishments'.

Cesare Beccaria

Known as the 'father of classical criminology', he emphasized social contract and citizens' rights.

Death penalty beliefs of Beccaria

He opposed capital punishment, arguing it sets a negative example for society.

Key elements of punishment according to Beccaria

Swiftness, certainty, and severity of punishment.

Actus reus

Literally means 'guilt, act'; the physical act of committing a crime.

Mens rea

Literally means 'guilt, mind'; refers to the intent behind committing a crime.

David Rothman

Argued the first penitentiary was built due to changes in how crime was viewed.

Michael Foucault

Examined imprisonment's purpose as improving punishment by focusing on the mind.

Capitalism and crime

Capitalism is inherently criminogenic, encouraging crime due to social inequalities.

Class consciousness

An awareness of one's class status and the ability to act in its own rational interests.

False consciousness

The inability to see one's own best interests due to capitalist ideology.

The Genesis of Prisons

Demand for humane approaches to punishment evolved alongside Enlightenment ideas.

The Panopticon

A design for prisons that relies on self-regulation of inmates through observation.

Prison reforms by John Howard

Proposed single rooms, segregating women and children, and proper treatment.

Elizabeth Fry's contributions

Worked with female convicts in the early 19th century, focusing on rehabilitation.

Macro level analysis in criminology

Examining crime as an outcome of broader structural issues within society.

Industrial Revolution impact on crime

Growth of capitalism and social disorder led to changes in crime and punishment.

Utilitarian crimes

Crimes committed for tangible benefits, usually economic in nature.

Emotive reasons for crime

Crimes driven by emotional responses rather than financial gain.

Penitentiary goal

To transform criminals into productive citizens through hard labour and discipline.

Kingston Penitentiary

The first prison in Canada, established in 1835.

indulgenses

purchasing forgivness for sins by giving money to the church

according to classical crim when a crime is committed it is because…

the indivdual has free will and has rationally chosen to break the law after considering the possibly rewards and punishments

what is the goal of punishment in classical criminology?

deterrence

what is deterrence

use of punishment to prevent people from committed crime

beccaria was against death penalty because

1. violated social contract

2. cruel

3. ineffective deterrent

4. illogival to punish death with death

according to classical crim what will the judge focus on

actus reus- the physical participation of the act

what causes crime

financial stress, over criminalization, mental ilness, peer pressure, adrenaline rush

conservative ideology reasons for crime

crime is a result of free will and rational choice, indivuduals weigh the benefits and the consequences before comitting a crime.

conservatives focus on corrections

punishment and deterrence are primary goals, ensuring that punishment is proportional to the crim to maintain justice and social control

liberal ideology ways to stop crime

focus on addressing root causes such as poverty, education, and social inequality, promoting rehabilitation over punishment.

liberal ideology focus on corrections

emphasizes rehabilitation and social support systems to reduce recidivism, rather than solely relying on punitive measures.

radical ideology ways to stop crime

advocates for systemic change to address societal inequalities, emphasizing social justice and community empowerment to prevent crime.

what led to the genesis or prisons as a form of punishment

was a shift from corporal and capital punishment to incarceration as a means of rehabilitation and social control, influenced by Enlightenment ideas about human rights and the potential for reform.

who was john howard and what was his contribution to prison reform

wrote “the state of prisons in england and wales” he argues that prisons should remain but conditions must improve

john howards suggested improvements

cleanliness, healthcare, segregation of inmates (male and female) proper trtaining for prison guards