Unit 7 APHUG

Central Business District (CBD)

Downtown, area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered

Concentric zone model

a city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings, like the rings of a tree. Usually its the CBD, then zone of transition, zone of working-class homes, zone of better residence, commuter's zone. Made by Burgess

Sector model

city develops in a series of sectors, certain areas of the city are more attractive for various activities. As city grows, activities expand outward in a wedge or sector from the center. Made by Hoyt.

Multiple Nuclei Model

city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve. Ex. port, neighborhood business center, university etc. Made by Harris and Ullman

Census Tracts

An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published, in urbanized areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods

Social Area Analysis

Compare the distributions of characteristics and create an overall picture of where various types of people tend to live

Squatter settlements

an area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures

Filtering

process of subdivision of houses and occupancy by successive waves of lower-income people

Redlining

drawing lines on a map to identify areas in which they will refuse to loan money

Urban renewal

cities identify blighted inner city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private owners, relocated the residents and businesses, clear the site, and build new roads and utilities. then they turn over the land to private developers or public agencies

Public Housing

reserved for low-income households, who must pay 30% of their income for rent.

Gentrification

process by which middle-class people move into deteriorated inner-city neighborhoods and renovate housing

Underclass

inner-city residents, because they are trapped in an unending cycle of economic and social problems

Annexation

process of legally adding land area to a city

City

urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit.

Central city

a city surrounded by suburbs

Urbanized Area

central city and surrounding built-up suburbs

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)

In the U.S. a central city of at least 50,000 population, the county within which the city is located, and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city.

Micropolitan Statistical Area

An urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the country in which it is found and adjacent counties tied to a city

Peripheral Model/Galactic Model

an urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road.

Edge Cities

around the beltway are nodes of consumer and business services

Density Gradient

density change in an urban area, number of houses per unit of land diminishes as distance from the center city increases

Sprawl

progressive spread of development over the landscape.

Greenbelts

area of undeveloped land or open space near an urban area

Smart Growth

legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland

Zoning ordinances

a law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community

New urbanism

began in US in 1980s as a way of changing the suburban, automobile-centered cities of the past into the more sustainable, pedestrian-friendly cities of the future

Suburb

residential communities on the outskirts of urban areas.

White flight

Whites moved out to the suburbs, and immigrants and people of color vied for scarce jobs and resources in the declining urban centers

Blockbusting

real estate agents and developers encouraged affluent white property owners to sell their homes and businesses at a loss by stroking fears that their neighborhoods were being overtaken by racial or ethnic minorities.

Inner-city decay

Those parts of large urban areas that lose significant portions of their populations as a result of change in industry or migration to the suburbs. Because of these changes, the inner city loses its tax base and becomes a center of poverty

Exurbanites

people who have left the inner city and moved to outlying suburbs or rural areas

Urban growth boundaries

geographical boundaries placed around a city to limit suburban growth within the city

Urbanization

an increase in the number of people and % of people living in cities

Primate city

country's largest city

Primate City Rule

the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement Ex. Seoul, SK, Mexico City, MX

Rank-size rule

the country's nth- largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement. AKA. The second-largest city is one-half the size of the largest, the fourth-largest city is one fourth the size of the largest Ex. US and Canada has some cities that match this

Gravity model

predicts that the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it.

Threshold

minimum number of people needed to support the service

Range

maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service. Radius of the circle drawn to delineate a service's market area

Market Area/ Hinterland

area surround a service from which customers are attracted

Central Place

market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area. Centrally located to maximize accessibility

Central Place Theory

helps to explain how the most profitable location can be identified

Settlement

permanent collection of buildings where people reside, work, and obtain services

Service

any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it

Gravity Model

Places that are larger and closer together will have a greater interaction than places that are smaller and farther away from each other. Which explains why two big cities like NYC and LA are very connected despite being far from each other

Urban infilling

process of building up underused lands within cities

Quantitative Data

census and survey data provide information about changes in population composition and size in urban area

Qualitative Data

field studies and narratives provide information about individual attitudes toward urban change

Latin American City Model

Market/CBD at the center, with a commercial spine going to a mall, disamenity zones coming outwards from CBD in sectors and squatter settlements surrounding the outskirts of the city

Forward Capital

A capital city placed in a remote or peripheral area for economic, strategic, or symbolic reasons.

Global/World Cities

Cities at the center of the flow of information and capital- major businesses are in those cities and they are cultural and economic powerhouses Ex. Tokyo, London, NYC

Megacity

a city with over 10 million people

Metacity

A city with more than 20 million people

Megalopolis

2 or more connected/adjacent metropolitan areas Ex. Boston to DC

Zones of abandonment

the lack of jobs, big declines in land value and falling demand can cause properties and neighborhoods to become abandoned. As more people leave, even more businesses close

Disamenity zones

the poorest part of the city that are not connected to city services and often run by gangs Ex. Favelas in Rio, Brazil

Inclusionary zoning

increasingly popular way to produce affordable housing through the private market, incentivizes private developers to designate a certain percentage of housing "below market rate"

Surbanization

people moving from cities to residential areas on the outskirts of those cities

Exurbs

residential area farther out from the densely packed suburbs

Boomburbs

municipality of more than 100,000 people that has been growing at a double digit pace for 3 consecutive decades and is not the major city of any metro area. Ex. Tysons, VA

Bid-Rent Theory

The price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the CBD increases

Slow-growth cities

Cities that planners have put into place smart growth initiatives to decrease the rate that the city grows horizontally

Mixed-use development

Mixes together economic activities in one building or area so that residential is mixed with industry, commercial etc