katua exam 1

A radiologist obtains an image of the shoulder using a slice that passes diagonally through the joint rather than strictly from front to back, side to side, or horizontally. Which anatomical plane best describes this image?

oblique

In a patient with trauma, the physician orders a CT scan in the transverse plane. Which of the following best describes the view obtained?In a patient with trauma, the physician orders a CT scan in the transverse plane. Which of the following best describes the view obtained?

divides body into top and bottom portions

A 45-year-old man has an increase in blood pressure. This causes increased firing of carotid sinus baroreceptors, which decreases sympathetic outflow and lowers blood pressure toward normal.

This process is an example of:

negative feedback

A person steps outside on a very hot day.

Their body temperature begins to rise above the normal range.

Thermoreceptors in the skin and hypothalamus detect the change, and sweat glands are activated to help cool the body. What is the stimulus here?

increased body temperature

Room temperature rises above the desired level. A thermometer detects the increase and sends information to a thermostat. The thermostat activates the air conditioner, which lowers the room temperature.

effector

sensory receptor detects a change in a physiological variable and transmits information to an integration center. The integration center processes the information and determines the appropriate response.

control center

A homeostatic regulatory system responds when body conditions change.

One component detects a specific change in the internal environment. Which component performs this function?

receptor

A healthy 22-year-old student begins running on a treadmill. Signals from the nervous system increase his heart rate and cardiac activity to support the increased metabolic demands of exercise.

extrinsic regulation

During vigorous contraction of skeletal muscle, oxygen concentration in the surrounding tissue decreases. Local cells release chemical substances that cause nearby arterioles to dilate, increasing blood flow.

intrinsic auto regulation

kreb cycle

a series of chemical reactions that cells use to break down food molecules and release energylycolysisg

glycolysis

the metabolic process that breaks down one molecule of glucose (sugar) into two molecules of pyruvate, releasing a net total of two ATP (energy) molecules and two NADH molecules

ATP

the primary energy-carrying molecule used by all living cells to fuel their daily functions

NADH

reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinuceotide

FADH2

reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide

catabolism

the metabolic process that breaks down large, complex molecules into smaller, simpler ones while releasing energy

anabolism

consecutive phase of metabolism where the body builds complex molecules from simpler ones

Where does glycolysis occur?

Cytoplasm

Why does cystic fibrosis produce thick, sticky mucus in the respiratory tract?

1. Reduced chloride movement decreases water at the airway surface

Why does cystic fibrosis produce thick, sticky mucus in the respiratory tract?

Reduced chloride movement decreases water at the airway surface

child has coarse facial features, clouded corneas, restricted joint movement, and lysosomal enzymes in the extracellular fluid. Which diagnosis is most likely?

I-cell disease

Chromatin primarily consists of?

DNA wrapped around proteins such as histone proteins

Which substance accumulates in the neurons of a patient with Tay-Sachs disease?

GM2 ganglioside

muscle cell uses amino acids to produce new proteins. This is an example of:

Anabolism

What are the major products of glycolysis from one glucose molecule?

B. Two pyruvate, two net ATP, and two NADH

Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane is known as:

Osmosis

Which option correctly identifies structures 1-7 in the composite cell diagram, in order?

A. Nucleolus → Mitochondrion → Rough ER → Golgi apparatus → Smooth ER → Lysosomes → Cilia

Which of the following is the correct pair?

• I-cell disease — defective Golgi targeting of lysosomal enzymes

Which organelle is primarily affected in Tay-Sachs disease?

Lysosome

The____ serous membrane covers the surface of an organ, while the ____-serous membrane lines the cavity wall.

 Visceral; parietal

During sexual transmission, HIV can cross the epithelial barrier of the rectum without directly infecting epithelial cells. The virus binds to receptors on the basal surface, is enclosed in vesicles, and released on the apical side, allowing access to underlying immune cells. This process is an example of:

Transcytosis

Which phase of mitosis is characterized by chromosome alignment at the cell's equator?

Metaphase

Glucose enters most body cells through which type of transport?

Facilitated Diffusion

The CFTR protein normally functions as which type of membrane protein?

Chloride ion channel

The Na*/K* ATPase pump moves:

B 3 Na* out, 2 K* in

Pinocytosis differs from phagocytosis in that:

C Pinocytosis engulfs fluids

During which phase does DNA replication occur?

S

Which transport process involves engulfing large particles into the cell by forming vesicles?

1. Phagocytosis

What is the primary function of the nucleolus?

Ribosome production

cell crenates when placed in a solution. This is indicates the solution is:

Hypertonic

the context of I-cell disease, which molecule normally directs digestive enzymes to lysosomes?

Mannose-6-phosphate

Why can cystic fibrosis cause bulky, greasy, foul-smelling stools?

Thick mucus blaiks pancreatic ducts and reduces digestive enzyme delivery

Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by DNA replication?

G2

Which organelle normally adds the mannose-6-phosphate targeting signal to lysosomal enzymes?

Golgi apparatus

What happens to lysosomal enzymes in I-cell disease?

Without the mannose-6-phosphate tag, the Golgi does not properly direct them to lysosomes.