blood composition 1- plasma, hematocrit, RBC

hematocrit

measure of percentage of total RBC in the blood (males 47 females 42)

high hematocrit

high iron, blood doping is due to

low hematocrit

anemia is caused by

plasma

sticky part of the blood that contains water solutes and proteins, makes up 55% of blood

the liver

where are most plasma proteins made?

(8%)

how much of the plasma is made up of proteins?

serum

plasma is called this when fibrinogrin, a main protein involved in blot clotting, is removed

albumin

what is the most abundant plasma protein?

erythrocyte

main cell found in the blood that contains no nuclei or mitochondria, carries hemoglobin

area to carry hemoglobin—helps with swelling, stretching, and flexibilty

why are RBC biconcave?

250 million, 4 o2 each so 1 billion 02

how many molecules of hemoglobin are in one RBC?

hemoglobin

functional protein inside of RBC made of 4 polypeptide chains that carry an iron (heme) group that bonds with oxygen

2-4 months

what is the life cycle of the RBC

1 oxygen molecule

how many 02 does each heme group bind with?

carbon dioxide, 200x stronger

what competitor competes with 02 binding? is it stronger or weaker?

products of metabolism cause 02 to be released off of hemoglobin easier (increased CO2, H+, and temperature)

what factor change the amount of oxygen binding?

loading of 02 onto hemoglobin in lungs easier, decreased CO2, H+, and temperature (there’s no competition)

how does decreased metabolism affect oxygen binding?

bone marrow

where are RBC made?

blood loss, high altitude, aerobic exercise training, hypoxia

what factors stimulate RBC production?

(EPO) erythropoietin

hormone release by the kidneys in response to chemoreceptors sensing low O2 levels

2-3 months

how long does RBC production take?

blood doping

the injection of oxygenated blood into an athlete before an event in an attempt to enhance athletic performance

taking out hematocrit, freeze, let blood replenish, put it back in vs synthetic EPO consumption

what are the old vs new methods of blood doping?

phagocytic cells in the spleen and liver destroy, iron stored in liver, heme group used to make bilirubin that is stored in gallbladder for digestion, amino acids reused for proteins

how are old RBC destroyed?

jaundice

yellowing of the skin due to excess bilirubin in the blood, can indicate possible liver malfunction

Hemoglobin A1C

test that looks at how much glucose is stuck on hemoglobin, gives a 3 month average of blood sugar

anemia

reduced ability to carry oxygen caused by low production of RBC, loss of RBC, or poor functioning RBC

nutritional deficiency (iron, b12, folic acid), aplastic anemia (stem cell damage due to radiation or drugs)

what causes a low production of RBC?

aplastic anemia

anemia caused by stem cell damage due to radiation or drugs

hemolytic anemia

anemia caused by an autoimmune disorder that causes the destruction of RBCs, makes them fragile

sickle cell anemia

inherited blood cell disease that caused abnormally shaped RBC (look like crescent moons)

thalassemias

disease characterized by a lack of hemoglobin due to inherited blood disorders