Cell Theory, Anatomy, Tissues, and the Cell Cycle Review

These practice flashcards cover the history of cell theory, organelle anatomy and function, differences between plant and animal cells, prokaryote vs. eukaryote structures, plant and animal tissue types, and the stages of the cell cycle with their respective checkpoints.

What is the definition of cell theory?

A fundamental principle of Biology stating that the cell is the basic unit of life and all living organisms are made of cells.

Who is Zacharias Janssen ($1585-1632$)?

A Dutch spectacle maker credited with inventing the FIRST COMPOUND MICROSCOPE.

Who is Antonie van leewenheok ($1632-1723$)?

A Dutch scientist often called the FATHER OF BIOLOGY, known for being the first person to observe microorganisms which he called "ANIMALCULES".

What contribution did Robert Hooke ($1635-1703$) make to biology?

He is known for discovering cells.

What did Matthais scleiden conclude?

A German botanist who concluded that all plants are made of cells.

Who is Theodore Schwann ($1810-1882$)?

A German psychologist interested in animal structure who concluded that the cell is the basic unit of life.

What is Rudolf Virchow ($1821-1902$) known for?

Also known as the Father of Modern Pathology, he contributed the third cell theory: "All cell is come from pre-existing cells."

What are the three main parts of Cell Theory and the scientists associated with them?

$1.$ All living things are made of cells (Matthias schleiden). $2.$ The cell is the basic unit of life (Theodore Schwann). $3.$ All cells come from pre-existing cell (Rudolp Virchow).

What is a Unicellular organism?

An organism consisting of a single cell, such as Amoeba, Bacteria, or Paramecia.

What is a Multi-cellular organism?

An organism composed of more than one cell with groups of cells differentiating for specialized functions, such as yeast, muscle, and tissue.

What is the function of the Cytoplasm?

A fluid-like substance that forms the largest part of the cell.

What is the function of the Nucleus?

Controls and regulates the activities of the cells and carries the genes and structure.

What is the Nucleolus?

An area inside the nucleus made of $RNA$ and protein where ribosomes are made; it helps link amino acids together to form proteins.

What is the function of Vacuoles?

Membrane-bound organelles that store food and other material needed by the cell.

What is the function of the Cell membrane?

The outer cover of the cell that supports and protects it.

What is the Cytoskeleton and Filaments?

A network of thin and fibrous filaments where the filament serves as the bones and muscle of the cells.

What are Plastids?

Organelles that give color to plants; Chloroplast is green, and Leucoplast are colorless plastids that store Carbs, proteins, and fats.

What is the function of Lysosomes?

They contain digestive chemicals that help breakdown food molecules.

What is a Vesicle?

An organelle that carries materials in and out of the cell, including food particles.

What is the function of Mitochondria?

Also known as "the powerhouse of the cell".

What is the Cell wall?

An additional boundary outside the cell membrane that surrounds the cells of plants, fungi, bacteria, and protozoans.

What is the Golgi Apparatus (or complex)?

An organelle in most eukaryotic cells that processes and packages proteins.

What is the function of Ribosomes?

The cellular machinery responsible for making proteins.

What are the characteristics of a Plant Cell?

Larger than Animal cells, more consistent size and shape, features chloroplasts for photosynthesis, and includes a cell wall for a strong, upright structure.

What are the characteristics of an Animal Cell?

Eukaryotic cells containing a membrane-bound nucleus, lacking a cell wall, generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells, and containing membrane-bound organelles.

How do Animal and Plant cells compare regarding centrioles and lysosomes?

Centrioles are present in Animal cells but absent in Plant cells. Lysosomes are present in Animal cells but not usually present in Plant cells.

What are the differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes (e.g., Bacteria) are "BEFORE THE CELLS" and have DNA free in the cytoplasm. Eukaryotes (e.g., Humans, Animals, Plants) are "TRUE CELLS" with a membrane-bound nucleus and mitochondria.

What is the composition of the Cell Wall in Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes?

Eukaryote cell walls are made of cellulose (or chitin in Fungi), while prokaryotes have cell walls made of peptidogly-com.

What are the two structural systems of Plant tissue?

The Shoot system (structures above ground like leaves and stems) and the Root system (structures below the ground).

What is the function of Dermal Tissue in plants?

Includes the epidermis and cuticle for protection and minimizing water loss (transpiration), and guard cells that form stomata.

What are the three types of Ground Tissue in plants?

$1.$ Parenchyma (thin-walled, provides support and storage). $2.$ Collenchyma (thick-walled, flexible and strong). $3.$ Sclerenchyma (thick cell wall with lignin, tough and hard).

What are the two types of conducting cells in Vascular Tissue?

$1.$ Tracheid (elongated cell with oblique and tampering end walls). $2.$ Vessel Elements (long hollow tubes joined end to end).

What is the purpose of Phloem in plant tissue?

Transports sucrose and other organic compounds from leaves to roots, composed of sieve tube elements.

What are the four major types of Animal Tissue?

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous.

How is Simple Epithelial tissue classified?

Classified by shape as squamous (thin/flattened), cuboidal (box-shaped), or columnar (rectangular pillars).

What are the types of Connective Tissue?

Bone (osseus tissue), Cartilage (rubbery matrix), Dense (tendons/ligaments), Loose (areolar tissue), and Blood (vascular tissue).

What are the characteristics of the three types of Muscle Tissue?

$1.$ Skeletal: Voluntary, striated, multinucleate. $2.$ Smooth: Involuntary, no striation, spindle-shaped. $3.$ Cardiac: Involuntary, striated, found only in the heart.

What is the cell cycle $G_1$ Phase?

The cell grows, carries out normal functions, and performs protein synthesis of organelles. Includes the $G_1$ Checkpoint (Restriction point) to ensure the cell is large enough and has enough nutrients.

What happens during the $S$ (synthesis) phase?

DNA replication occurs and chromosomes are duplicated.

What occurs in the $G_2$ Phase (Gap $2$)?

Preparation for growth; the $G_2$ checkpoint ensures DNA is fully replicated and without damage before mitosis.

What is the $M$ Phase?

Division of the nucleus and cytoplasm through Mitosis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase) and cytokinesis.

What is the $G_0$ Phase?

A resting non-activity phase where cells carry out normal activity but do not divide.