Introduction to the CJS

Was imprisonment and prisons initially accepted?

No - it took time for policymakers, scholars and the general public to accept prisons and imprisonment

What was the main form of imprisonment before the 18th Century?

Death penalty, transportation and corporal punishment

Which ONE of the following statements is TRUE?

A. Imprisonment was always the main form of punishment in England

B. Before the 18th century imprisonment was rarely used

C. Prisons replaced transportation immediately

D. The death penalty was rarely used historically

B. Before the 18th century imprisonment was rarely used

Which ONE of the following statements is UNTRUE?

A. The Bloody Code used harsh punishments

B. The death penalty demonstrated royal power

C. The Bloody Code promoted rehabilitation

D. It reflected class oppression

C. The Bloody Code promoted rehabilitation

Which ONE of the following best describes transportation?

A. A modern prison system

B. Sending offenders to colonies for labour

C. A form of community punishment

D. A type of parole

B. Sending offenders to colonies for labour

Which ONE of the following is NOT a reason for the decline of transportation?

A. American independence

B. Changing economic conditions

C. Increased effectiveness

D. Political changes

C. Increased effectiveness

Which ONE of the following CAN be linked to the Transportation Act 1718?

A. Ending imprisonment

B. Replacing all punishments

C. Providing labour for colonies

D. Creating parole systems

C. Providing labour for colonies

Which ONE of following CANNOT be considered a prison reform advocate?

A. John Howard

B. Jeremy Bentham

C. Elizabeth Fry

D. King Henry VIII

D. King Henry VIII

What is/are the contributions of Jeremy Bentham?

A. Advocated for transportation

B. Designed the panopticon prison

C. Opposed imprisonment

D. Created parole systems

B. Designed the panopticon prison

Which ONE of the following statements is TRUE about the modern prison system?

A. All prisons are privately run

B. Most prisons are managed by HMPPS

C. There are no youth institutions

D. All prisoners are treated the same

B. Most prisons are managed by HMPPS

Which ONE of the following best describes Category A prisons?

A. Open prisons

B. Lowest risk offenders

C. High security for dangerous offenders

D. Temporary holding facilities

C. High security for dangerous offenders

Which ONE of the following stakeholders in local policing is directly voted by the local people?

A. The Chief Constable

B. The Police Community Support Officer

C. The Police and Crime Commissioner

D. The Police and Crime Panel numbers

C. The Police and Crime Commissioner

Which of ONE of the following statements about the Police and Crime Commissioner (PCC) is UNTRUE?

A. PCCs were introduced to improve police accountability

B. PCCs are appointed by the Home Secretary

C. PCCs are responsible for setting budgets and objectives for local police forces

D. PCCs were introduced by the coalition government

B. PCCs are appointed by the Home Secretary

What are the two requirements for a lawful arrest? 

A. Reasonable suspicion and necessity

B. Reasonable suspicion and minimum force

C. Objective grounds and sufficient evidence

D. Objective grounds and court warrant

A. Reasonable suspicion and necessity

Which party bears the burden of proof in the adversarial system?

A. The defence

B. The prosecution 

C. The court

D. The jury

B. The prosecution 

Which ONE of the following is NOT a requirement for magistrate?

A. Good character

B. Social awareness 

C. Sound judgment 

D. Legal qualifications 

D. Legal qualifications 

Which ONE of the following is NOT a benefit of the jury trial for the defendant?

A. A professional judge will preside at the trial 

B. The defendant will be tried by his or her peers 

C. More rigid procedural rules

D. The jury will explain the reasons for their decision

D. The jury will explain the reasons for their decision

What are the two stages of the ‘full code test’?

A. Evidential stage and public interest stage

B. Investigation stage and evaluation stage

C. Facts-ascertaining stage and case-building stage

D. Evidential stage and victim impact stage

A. Evidential stage and public interest stage

Chloe was stopped and searched by two police officers on her way to the university. They did not explain exactly why she was stopped. Chloe suspected that it was because she was young and therefore an easy target for the police. Which ONE of the following human rights of Chloe might have been violated by the police officers?

A. Right to liberty and security (Article 5 of ECHR)

B. Right to privacy and private life (Article 8 of ECHR)

C. Right to a fair trial (Article 6 of ECHR)

D. Right to life (Article 2 of ECHR)

B. Right to privacy and private life (Article 8 of ECHR)

Chloe was stopped and searched by two police officers on her way to the university. They did not explain exactly why she was stopped. Chloe suspected that it was because she was young and therefore an easy target for the police. Which ONE of the following theories might best support Chloe’s suspicion?

A. Conflict theory

B. Consensus theory

C. Utilitarian theory

D. Deterrence theory

A. Conflict theory

What does ‘courting compassion’ refer to in relation to victims and criminal justice policy?

A. The use of victim personal statements in court, which encourages compassion from the jury

B. Victims’ rights groups speaking out on behalf of victims, to ensure their needs are met in criminal justice policy

C. Politicians capitalising on the emotive symbol of ‘the victim’ when promoting their policies

D. Courts intervening in criminal justice policy in order to uphold the rights of victims

C. Politicians capitalising on the emotive symbol of ‘the victim’ when promoting their policies

Which ONE of the following CAN happen in Category D prisons?

A. High security isolation

B. Prisoners leaving for work

C. Life sentences only

D. No rehabilitation

B. Prisoners leaving for work

Which ONE of the following is NOT a type of adult male prison?

A. Reception prison

B. Training prison

C. Appeal prison

D. Resettlement prison

C. Appeal prison

Which ONE of the following is TRUE about women’s prisons?

A. They follow the same categories A–D

B. They are all open prisons

C. They have no category system

D. They do not exist in England

C. They have no category system

Which ONE of the following CAN occur in a Mother and Baby Unit (MBU)?

A. Children live permanently in prison

B. Mothers live with babies up to 18 months

C. Only fathers can apply

D. It is mandatory

B. Mothers live with babies up to 18 months

Which ONE of the following best describes Sykes’ pains of imprisonment?

A. Benefits of prison life

B. Types of rehabilitation

C. Deprivations experienced by prisoners

D. Legal rights of prisoners

C. Deprivations experienced by prisoners

What is/are examples of deprivation in prison?

A. Increased freedom

B. Loss of liberty and autonomy

C. Access to services

D. Full social integration

B. Loss of liberty and autonomy

Which ONE of the following statements is TRUE about the Strangeways Riot?

A. It lasted one day

B. It highlighted poor prison conditions

C. It improved prison conditions immediately

D. It involved no protest

B. It highlighted poor prison conditions

Which ONE of the following CAN be linked to the Woolf Report?

A. Expansion of prisons

B. Introduction of decency standards

C. Increased punishment

D. Removal of rights

B. Introduction of decency standards

Which ONE of the following CAN be a role of HM Inspectorate of Prisons?

A. Sentencing offenders

B. Monitoring prison conditions

C. Running prisons

D. Investigating crimes

B. Monitoring prison conditions

Which ONE of the following is TRUE about the Prison and Probation Ombudsman (PPO)?

A. They decide sentences

B. They investigate complaints and deaths in custody

C. They manage prisons

D. They supervise parole

B. They investigate complaints and deaths in custody

Which ONE of the following best describes determinate sentences?

A. Fixed-length sentences

B. Life imprisonment

C. Indefinite detention

D. Community orders

A. Fixed-length sentences

Which ONE of the following CAN happen with a sentence under 4 years?

A. No release

B. Automatic release halfway through

C. Life supervision

D. No parole

B. Automatic release halfway through

Which ONE of following CANNOT be an indeterminate sentence?

A. IPP

B. Life sentence

C. Fixed-term sentence

D. DPP

C. Fixed-term sentence

Which ONE of the following statements is TRUE about IPP/DPP?

A. They were abolished in 2012

B. They still apply to new offenders

C. They are short-term sentences

D. They are community sentences

A. They were abolished in 2012

Which ONE of the following CAN be a role of the Parole Board?

A. Arrest offenders

B. Decide release of certain prisoners

C. Set laws

D. Conduct trials

B. Decide release of certain prisoners

Which ONE of the following best describes ROTL?

A. Permanent release

B. Temporary release for activities

C. Court appeal

D. Sentencing decision

B. Temporary release for activities

Which ONE of the following is NOT a type of Release on Temporary Licence?

A. Resettlement Day Release

B. Resettlement Overnight Release

C. Childcare Resettlement Licence

D. Special purpose licence

D. Special purpose licence

Which ONE of the following CAN occur under resettlement day release?

A. Jury service

B. Work or training outside prison

C. Permanent release

D. Court attendance only

B. Work or training outside prison

Which ONE of following CANNOT be a challenge in the prison system?

A. Overcrowding

B. Rising prison population

C. Too many rehabilitation programmes

D. Resource limitations

C. Too many rehabilitation programmes

What is/are a proposed solution to prison overcrowding?

A. Increase imprisonment

B. Use more community sentences

C. Remove parole

D. Reduce rehabilitation

B. Use more community sentences

Which ONE of the following best explains the current prison crisis?

A. Too few prisoners

B. Rising population and pressure on resources

C. Too much rehabilitation

D. Lack of courts

B. Rising population and pressure on resources

Which ONE of the following statements is TRUE?

A. The CPS investigates crimes

B. The police decide guilt in court

C. The CPS decides which cases go to court

D. Judges supervise young offenders

C. The CPS decides which cases go to court

Which ONE of the following statements is UNTRUE?

A. Magistrates are lay volunteers

B. Crown Court uses professional judges

C. Appeal courts include the European Court of Human Rights

D. Magistrates deal only with indictable offences

D. Magistrates deal only with indictable offences

Which ONE of the following is a function of the police?

A. Representing the state in court

B. Crime prevention and investigation

C. Sentencing offenders

D. Hearing appeals

B. Crime prevention and investigation

Which ONE of the following best describes Youth Offending Teams?

A. They run prisons

B. They supervise and divert young offenders

C. They prosecute cases

D. They hear appeals

B. They supervise and divert young offenders

Which ONE of the following is NOT a role of the CPS?

A. Deciding which cases go to court

B. Representing the state in trials

C. Investigating crimes directly

D. Assessing evidence

C. Investigating crimes directly

Which ONE of the following CAN be dealt with in the Magistrates’ Court?

A. Summary offences

B. Appeals to the Supreme Court

C. International human rights cases

D. Only indictable offences

A. Summary offences

Which ONE of the following CANNOT be dealt with in the Crown Court?

A. Indictable-only offences

B. Either-way offences

C. Appeals to the European Court of Human Rights

D. Serious criminal trials

C. Appeals to the European Court of Human Rights

What is/are included in the appeal courts?

A. Crown Court only

B. High Court, Court of Appeal, UK Supreme Court, ECHR

C. Magistrates only

D. Police tribunals

B. High Court, Court of Appeal, UK Supreme Court, ECHR

Which ONE of the following is a central monitor?

A. Defence barristers

B. Media organisations

C. Disclosure and Barring Service

D. Judges

C. Disclosure and Barring Service

Which ONE of the following statements is TRUE about central monitors?

A. They conduct criminal trials

B. They oversee and support aspects of the system

C. They replace the police

D. They act as juries

B. They oversee and support aspects of the system

Which ONE of the following is associated with manipulating public sentiment?

A. Politicians

B. Media

C. NGOs

D. Police

B. Media

Which ONE of the following best describes the role of NGOs and pressure groups?

A. Sentencing offenders

B. Campaigning for changes in law and policy

C. Investigating crimes

D. Running courts

B. Campaigning for changes in law and policy

Which ONE of the following is NOT part of feeding cases into the system?

A. Detection

B. Complaints

C. Safeguarding referrals

D. Sentencing

D. Sentencing

Which ONE of the following CAN contribute to the dark figure of crime?

A. Police bias and limited resources

B. Increased court funding

C. More judges

D. Codified laws

A. Police bias and limited resources

What is/are a key issue with complaints?

A. Too many judges

B. Victims may not come forward

C. Courts refusing cases

D. Too much evidence

B. Victims may not come forward

Which ONE of the following is TRUE about safeguarding referrals?

A. Only police can make them

B. They are made by organisations like schools and care homes

C. They always result in convictions

D. They are part of appeals

B. They are made by organisations like schools and care homes

Which ONE of the following statements is UNTRUE about crime control?

A. It prioritises efficiency

B. It values speed

C. It emphasises accuracy over speed

D. It focuses on early stages

C. It emphasises accuracy over speed

Which ONE of the following best describes due process?

A. Focus on speed and efficiency

B. Focus on reliability and accuracy

C. Avoidance of legal procedures

D. Minimising court involvement

B. Focus on reliability and accuracy

Which ONE of the following is NOT a feature of due process?

A. Formal legal processes

B. Emphasis on accuracy

C. Reduced legal challenges

D. Protection of civil liberties

C. Reduced legal challenges

Which ONE of the following CAN occur in the crime control model?

A. Increased legal challenges

B. Reduced legal challenges to ensure speed

C. Focus on later stages only

D. Ignoring investigators

B. Reduced legal challenges to ensure speed

Which ONE of following CANNOT occur in due process?

A. Emphasis on accuracy

B. Formal legal procedures

C. Prioritising speed over accuracy

D. Evidence-based decisions

C. Prioritising speed over accuracy

Which ONE of the following statements is TRUE about the adversarial system?

A. Judges lead investigations

B. Prosecution and defence compete

C. Law is based on codes only

D. Defence plays a minor role

B. Prosecution and defence compete

Which ONE of the following best describes the role of the judge in an adversarial system?

A. Active investigator

B. Neutral and passive decision-maker

C. Prosecutor

D. Defence advocate

B. Neutral and passive decision-maker

Which ONE of the following is NOT a feature of the adversarial system?

A. Fair competition

B. Neutral judge

C. Investigatory judge role

D. Legal precedent

C. Investigatory judge role

Which ONE of the following is TRUE about the inquisitorial system?

A. Judges are passive

B. Courts control proceedings

C. Defence dominates the process

D. It relies on precedent

B. Courts control proceedings

Which ONE of the following CAN happen in an inquisitorial system?

A. Judge questions witnesses

B. Jury dominates decisions

C. Media decides outcomes

D. Lawyers control evidence

A. Judge questions witnesses

Which ONE of following CANNOT happen in an inquisitorial system?

A. Courts using investigatory powers

B. Judge deciding evidence

C. Prosecution and defence being central decision makers

D. Use of codified law

C. Prosecution and defence being central decision makers

What is/are a key prerequisite(s) for a functional system?

A. Competition between agencies

B. Shared goals and cooperation

C. Media influence

D. Reduced policing

B. Shared goals and cooperation

Which ONE of the following statements is UNTRUE about system glitches?

A. They can arise from conflicting goals

B. They can result from competition between agencies

C. They are caused only by lack of judges

D. They relate to differing priorities

C. They are caused only by lack of judges

Which ONE of the following best explains why the system may not function ideally?

A. Too much cooperation

B. Conflicting goals and different working cultures

C. Too many shared objectives

D. Lack of laws

B. Conflicting goals and different working cultures

Which ONE of the following statements is TRUE?

A. Policing refers only to the police force

B. Policing includes a range of organisations and practices

C. Policing only deals with courts

D. Policing excludes social order

B. Policing includes a range of organisations and practices

Which ONE of the following statements is UNTRUE?

A. Police are funded by taxpayers

B. Police operate with public consent

C. Police are not part of policing

D. Police are a social institution

C. Police are not part of policing

Which ONE of the following best describes policing?

A. A single organisation

B. A court process

C. A matrix of organisations and practices

D. A legal code

C. A matrix of organisations and practices

Which ONE of the following is NOT true about policing before 1829?

A. There were no formal police forces

B. Citizens helped enforce the law

C. Professional police forces existed nationwide

D. Victims played a role in catching offenders

C. Professional police forces existed nationwide

Which ONE of the following CAN explain the creation of modern policing?

A. Decrease in population

B. Industrialisation and rising crime

C. Reduced need for law enforcement

D. Fewer urban areas

B. Industrialisation and rising crime

Which ONE of the following is a Peelian principle?

A. Maximum force

B. Political bias

C. Preventative policing

D. Court-led investigations

C. Preventative policing

Which ONE of following CANNOT be considered a Peelian principle?

A. Policing by consent

B. Minimum force

C. Political impartiality

D. Mandatory arrests in all cases

D. Mandatory arrests in all cases

What is/are key features of police organisation in England and Wales?

A. One national police force

B. 43 regional police forces

C. Only private policing

D. Court-controlled policing

B. 43 regional police forces

Which ONE of the following statements is TRUE about the Home Secretary?

A. Leads local police forces

B. Sets national policy and oversees policing

C. Appoints judges

D. Controls courts directly

B. Sets national policy and oversees policing

Which ONE of the following best describes Police and Crime Commissioners (PCCs)?

A. Appointed judges

B. Elected officials responsible for budgets and priorities

C. Police officers

D. Members of the CPS

B. Elected officials responsible for budgets and priorities

Which ONE of the following is NOT a role of PCCs?

A. Setting police objectives

B. Appointing chief constables

C. Conducting criminal trials

D. Managing police budgets

C. Conducting criminal trials

Which ONE of the following CAN be done by Police and Crime Panels?

A. Replace courts

B. Challenge PCC decisions

C. Arrest suspects

D. Prosecute offenders

B. Challenge PCC decisions

What is/are the two stages of reasonable suspicion?

A. Evidence and conviction

B. Arrest and detention

C. Genuine suspicion and reasonable person test

D. Charge and trial

C. Genuine suspicion and reasonable person test

Which ONE of the following CAN happen under Section 60 powers?

A. Police must always have suspicion

B. Police can search anyone without suspicion

C. Only judges can authorise searches

D. Searches are unlimited in time

B. Police can search anyone without suspicion

Which ONE of the following CANNOT be used alone to justify stop and search?

A. Suspicious behaviour

B. Intelligence reports

C. Race or protected characteristics

D. Carrying prohibited items

C. Race or protected characteristics

Which ONE of the following statements is TRUE about arrest?

A. Arrest does not require justification

B. Arrest must be necessary and based on reasonable grounds

C. Only judges can arrest

D. Arrest is optional in all cases

B. Arrest must be necessary and based on reasonable grounds

Which ONE of the following is NOT a reason for a necessary arrest?

A. Prevent harm

B. Confirm identity

C. Speed up court schedules

D. Protect vulnerable people

C. Speed up court schedules

Which ONE of the following CAN occur during a lawful arrest?

A. No explanation given

B. Person not told reason

C. Officer explains necessity and offence

D. Suspect allowed to leave freely

C. Officer explains necessity and offence

Which ONE of following CANNOT occur during arrest procedures?

A. Informing the suspect of the arrest

B. Explaining reasons

C. Keeping the arrest secret

D. Identifying as police

C. Keeping the arrest secret

What is/are rights given in police detention?

A. Free legal advice

B. No contact with others

C. No medical care

D. Immediate trial

A. Free legal advice

Which ONE of the following statements is TRUE about detention time limits?

A. Unlimited detention

B. Maximum 24 hours without charge (normally)

C. Always 7 days

D. Always 48 hours only

B. Maximum 24 hours without charge (normally)

Which ONE of the following CAN extend detention to 96 hours?

A. Police officer alone

B. Magistrate approval

C. Victim request

D. Jury decision

B. Magistrate approval

Which ONE of the following best describes a policing controversy?

A. Neutral enforcement only

B. Use of discretion and potential bias

C. No influence from society

D. Perfect equality

B. Use of discretion and potential bias

Which ONE of the following is TRUE about the Lammy Report (2017)?

A. No racial disparity exists

B. BAME groups are overrepresented in prison

C. Only white people are imprisoned

D. Crime rates are equal across all groups

B. BAME groups are overrepresented in prison

Which ONE of the following CAN help address racial disparities in policing?

A. Fewer officers

B. Recruiting more diverse officers

C. Ignoring statistics

D. Removing laws

B. Recruiting more diverse officers

Which ONE of the following is TRUE about the CPS?

A. It is part of the police

B. It is independent and prosecutes cases

C. It decides sentences

D. It runs prisons

B. It is independent and prosecutes cases

Which ONE of the following is NOT part of the Full Code Test?

A. Evidential stage

B. Public interest stage

C. Sentencing stage

D. Realistic prospect of conviction

C. Sentencing stage

What is/are the purpose of the evidential stage?

A. Decide punishment

B. Ensure enough reliable evidence for conviction

C. Select judges

D. Manage prisons

B. Ensure enough reliable evidence for conviction