Nutrition Exam 1

What does nutrition affect? (6)

reproduction, health, genetic potential, physical ability, emotional state, production- growth, muscle, etc.

Who is the founder of the science of nutrition?

Antoine Lavoisier

What is a nutrient?

A chemical (element or compound) in the diet that supports normal reproduction, growth, lactation, or maintenance of life processes

What are the 2 nutrient classifications?

Essential and non-essential

What is an essential nutrient?

one that can not be made by the body and has to be consumed in the diet

What is a non-essential nutrient?

one that can be made by the body and is not needed in the diet

What are the 6 essential nutrients?

water, carbohydrates, fats, protein, minerals, and vitamins

What are the three kinds on carbohydrates?

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

What are the 3 monosaccharides?

glucose, fructose, and galactose

What are the 3 disaccharides?

lactose, maltose, sucrose

What are the 4 polysaccharides?

starch, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin

How do ruminants get glucose?

Volatile Fatty Acids

What type of animal is glucose more important for, monogastric or ruminant?

monogastric

What do fats and lipids consist of?

specific essential fatty acids

What are the 3 essential fatty acids and their carbon count?

Linoleic acid 18c, Linolenic acid 18 c, arachidonic acid 20c

What are proteins?

Long chains of amino acids

What are the 10 essential amino acids?

Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Arginine, Leucine, Lysine

What are the 2 classes of mineral?

macro and micro

Macro is what?

% in diet

Micro is what?

ppm or ppb in diet

7 macro minerals are

calcium, sulfur, phosphorus, sodium, chlorine, potassium and magnesium

8 Micro Minerals

Copper, iodine, cobalt, zinc, manganese, molybdenum, iron, selenium

What are the 2 classes of vitamins?

fat soluble and water soluble

What are the 4 fat soluble vitamins?

Vitamins A, D, E, K

What are the 10 water soluble vitamins?

Biotin, Choline, Folic acid, Niacin, Pantothenic acid, Riboflavin, Thiamin, Vit B6, Vit B12, Vit C

What 3 things are used to produce energy?

carbohydrates, fat, and protein

What is the most important nutrient?

water

what are the 2 transport mediums of water?

interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid

What does interstitial fluid mean?

between the cells

What does intracellular fluid mean?

inside the cell

What it turgidity?

pressure of the cell ability to expand or contract

What is hydrolysis?

ability for water to break down

What do you give animals that are low on water?

fat, because it is high in water

What is water intoxication?

When there is too much water in the body and it floods the cells.

What tells the kidney it needs more water?

a hormone called vasopressin

What are the 3 chemical elements of carbohydrates?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

What is the C:H:O ratio?

1:2:1

What % of the diet for animals is carbohydrates?

over 80%

How many atoms are in triose?

3

How many carbon atoms are in tetrose?

4

How many carbon atoms are in pentose?

5

How many carbon atoms are in hexose?

6

What are oligosaccharides?

3-10 monosaccharides

What is the most abundant monosaccharide in nature?

hexoses

Where is OH on alpha?

bottom

Where is the OH in beta?

top

When you stick 2 monosaccharides together what do you lose?

a water

The disaccharide sucrose is made up of what?

alpha glucose and beta fructose

The disaccharide lactose is made up of what?

galactose and glucose

What linkage does lactose have?

beta-1,4 linkage

The disaccharide maltose is made up of what?

2 alpha glucoses

What bond does maltose have?

alpha 1,4

What are the 2 forms of starch?

amylose and amylopectin

Which form of starch is soluble in water?

amylose

What bond does isomaltose have?

alpha 1,6

What is glycogen?

storage form of starch in the body

What is the most abundant organic compound in nature?

cellulose

is cellulose or hemicellulose less digestible?

hemicellulose

What is indigestible to animals?

lignin

What is cellobiose made up of?

2 beta D glucoses

Are all lipids water insoluble?

yes because they have one hydrophilic end and one hydrophobic end

How many bonds do saturated fatty acids have?

one

How many bonds do unsaturated fatty acids have?

double bonds

What length of chained fats tend to be solids at room temp?

longer

Cis means

same

trans means

opposite side

Are all 3 essential fatty acids unsaturated?

yes

Where is calcium found?

bone, teeth, muscle

What are some phosphorus deficiencies?

decrease growth, paralysis, tetany, very uncommon

What is the important magnesium deficiency?

grass tetany

Sodium deficiency?

animals crave sodium which causes them to drink urine when they don't have enough sodium, stress animals

potassium deficiency

stressed dehydrated animal

chloride deficiency

hydrochloric acid/base balance

sulfur deficiency

wool quality, bacterial CP yield lowered

copper deficiency

anemia and reproductive losses

toxicity of sulfur

grain fed ruminants

What mineral is important for red blood cells?

copper

What is the part of hemoglobin that binds with oxygen?

Iron

Iron deficiency

anemia, especially in baby pigs

What is one of the only minerals that interacts with a vitamin?

Selenium

What mineral acts as peroxidase?

selenium

Selenium deficiency

white muscle disease and infertility

Which mineral can have acute toxicity?

Selenium

Alkali disease or blind staggers is toxicity from what mineral?

selenium

What mineral is a coenzyme with insulin?

Zinc

Zinc deficiency

decreased bone growth, decreased glucose uptake and parakeratosis

Protein composition

% N x 6.25 = % Crude Protein

Vitamin A helps what?

Vision, epithelial cell maintenance and bone growth

Vitamine A deficiency

night blindness

What vitamin interacts with selenium?

Vitamin E

Vitamin D deficiency

abnormal bone

What vitamin is required for blood clotting?

Vitamin K

Vitamin C deficiency

Scurvy

What does dry matter estimate?

water

What do we use to determine crude protein

proximate analysis

What measures lipid (fat) content?

Ether Extract

What does Ash determine?

mineral content

Carbohydrates determine what?

crude fiber and nitrogen free extract

Duodenum

The first section of the small intestine that receives digestive secretions from the pancreas and liver, serving as a primary site for enzyme-driven digestion.

Crop

The enlarged pouch in the avian gastrointestinal tract responsible for food storage and preliminary fermentation.