Lecture 2-March 10th

anaerobic metabolism

2,3-DPG is only used in ___________ metabolism

lower

A right shift in the hemoglobin saturation curve means that hemoglobin has a (higher/lower) affinity for O2

higher

A left shift in the hemoglobin saturation curve means that hemoglobin has a (higher/lower) affinity for O2

Chocking leads to an increase in ppCO2→right shift in curve→oxygen is dumped faster

How does chocking affected the hemoglobin saturation curve?

nasal passages→pharynx→trachea→right/left bronchi→bronchioler→alveioli

Pathway to bring air into lungs

nasal passages

bring in air by respiratory cilia and psi gradients

directs food and air into the appropriate pathways

function of pharynx

larynx or bronchi

what are the two locations for air to move to after pharynx and trachea

nasal pagges, pharynx, trachea, right/left bronchi, bronchioler

parts of the air way that are in the conducting zone

alveoli

parts of the air way that are in the respiratory zone

alveoli

only location for true gas exchange w/atmosphere

-huge surface area→ decreased resistance to blood flow=time for Hb associate w/O2

list the characteristics of the alveoli

increase the volume, decrease internal pressure(they are inversely related)

When you breath out you (increase/decrease) volume of the plural cavity and (increase/decrease) internal pressure

inversely related

pressure and volume are __________ related

P1V1=P1V2

Boyles Law Formula:

decrease in volume, increase

when you breath out ribs go back into place, there is a (increase/decrease) in volume of plural cavity and (increase/decrease) in internal pressure

phrenic nerve

nerve that triggers diaphragm to contract and external intercostal muscles to contract during inhalation

energy input/ATP

Inspiration requires ______________

inhaling

“When diaphragm is extended/flat you are ____________”

pressure [] gradient

Air falls down __________, it is not pushed or pulled

1.)End of inhalation, inspiratory muscles relax

2.)pressure increases and volume decreases

3.)uses gravity/no E needed, passive

Characteristics of Expiration(3)

E and more ATP

Use of exccessory muscles=requires _____________

Type 1 alveolar cell

covers surface area of our alveoli

Type II alveolar cells

responsible for making surfactant which equalizes pressure across alveoli

Alveolar Macrophage

Phagocytotic cells that is needed by our immune system

Cigarette or vape smoke

inhibits/incapacitates alveolar macrophages, so it cannot engulf foreign materials

nicotine

prevents respiratory cilia from moving, which makes it hard to expel foreign material because they cannot sweep them out

pulmonary fibrosis/emphysema

Foreign particles stay in lung tissue=can lead to:

dyspea

pulmonary fibrosis/emphysema can lead to ________

dyspea

labored breathing

apnea

cessation of breathing

normal breathing

eupnea

80%

recommended FEV 1.0 in one second

cannot exhale

obstructive lung disease effects

1.)asthma

2.)bronchitis

3.)emphysema

obstructive lung disease examples

Emphysema

irreversible loss of alveoli

Bronchitis

alot of ciliary mucus, from pollen, or from smoking

can reduce FEV, only expel about 40-60% when usually 80%

-this is why grandma cannot do stairs well

-her respiratory muscles are not as efficient

age effect of spirometry

RV increase, VC decrease and ERV decrease, but TLC is the same

asthma/bronchitis affect of spirometry readings

RV is normal, ERV increase because can flow out more freely

-IRV decreases because cannot get air in.

-Overall: total decrease in TLC and TV

restrictive lung disease affects on spirometry readings

-only one in which TV changes and is reduced due to high surface tension to open lungs

-decreased IRV, TLC, VC

-increased ERV

SIDS(sudden infant death syndrome) on spirometry readings

-increase in frequency of ventilations, but not increase in magnitude

-increase in VC is most notable

Exercise affects on spirometry readings

males

generally (males/females) have larger lung volumes than females

1.)asthma

2.)bronchitis

3.)emphysema

btw TLC same

Obstructive Lung Diseases examples

1.)age

2.)SIDS

3.)pulmonary fibrosis

-decrease in TLC, VC, IRV

Restrictive Lung Disease examples

coal, smoke, asbestos

3 main causes of pulmonary fibrosis