afircna American middle passage type shot exam

Front: What was the impact of large-scale importation of African-born slaves on slave culture?

Back: It preserved African traditions, created a strong African identity, and influenced rituals, language, music, and religion in North America.

Front: What was “Negro Election Day”?

Back: A celebration where enslaved African Americans elected their own "governors" or leaders; it maintained African political traditions.

Front: How did African-influenced rituals like funerals help connect Creoles and African-born slaves?

Back: They reinforced shared cultural identity and community bonds between American-born and African-born slaves.

Front: What was slave religion like before the Great Awakening?

Back: It blended African spiritual practices with Christianity and often focused on spirit possession, ancestor worship, and secret gatherings.

Front: What was the Great Awakening?

A religious revival (1730s-1740s) emphasizing emotional preaching, personal faith, and salvation for all, including African Americans.

Front: What was the “Invisible Institution”?

Back: Secret religious meetings held by enslaved people away from white supervision.

Front: What is a Pidgin language and why was it constructed?

Back: A simplified language blending English and African languages for communication among slaves; Gullah is an example.

Front: How did African American music influence American culture?

Back: It introduced rhythms, call-and-response patterns, spirituals, and dance styles that shaped American music genres like jazz and blues.

Front: What is synthesis in African American culture?

Back: The blending of African and American cultural elements into new, unique traditions.

Front: How did Enlightenment thinking impact slaves?

Back: It inspired enslaved people to demand freedom and equality, using ideas of natural rights and liberty.

Front: How did slaves interpret the language of the American Revolution?

Back: They pointed out the hypocrisy of Americans demanding freedom while keeping others enslaved; used “slave” analogies.

Front: What were freedom suits?

Back: Legal cases where enslaved people sued for their freedom, often citing revolutionary ideals of liberty.

Front: Who was Crispus Attucks?

Back: A mixed-race man considered the first martyr of the American Revolution, killed in the Boston Massacre.

Front: Who did slaves support during the Revolutionary War?

Back: Whichever side promised them freedom; mainly British in the South and Americans in the North.

Front: What was Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation?

Back: A 1775 decree offering freedom to slaves who joined the British army.

Front: How did African Americans serve during the Revolutionary War?

Back: They fought in major battles on both sides, including Bunker Hill and Yorktown.

Front: How did Revolutionary ideas impact slavery?

Back: Led to gradual emancipation in the North but strengthened slavery in the South.

Front: What was the Northwest Ordinance?

Back: A law banning slavery in the Northwest Territory (1787).

Front: What was the 3/5 Compromise?

Back: A constitutional agreement counting enslaved people as 3/5 of a person for representation and taxation.

Front: What was the Fugitive Slave Clause?

Back: Required that escaped slaves be returned to their owners, even from free states.

Front: What was the impact of the Cotton Gin?

Back: Increased cotton production and demand for slave labor, expanding slavery into new areas.

Front: How did the Haitian Revolution affect slavery in North America?

Back: Heightened fear of slave revolts among American slaveholders.

Front: How did the Louisiana Purchase impact slavery?

Back: Expanded slavery westward by opening new lands for cotton cultivation.

Front: Why didn’t slavery expand rapidly in southern cities?

Back: Urban economies were less reliant on large-scale agriculture; slaves often hired out for other labor.

Front: What caused a period of emancipation in some southern states?

Back: Revolutionary ideals and economic changes encouraged limited emancipation in states like Virginia and Maryland.

Front: What was Gabriel’s Rebellion?

Back: A failed 1800 slave revolt in Virginia planned by Gabriel Prosser, aiming for freedom.

Front: What were "hiring out" and "living out"?

Back: Slaves rented out for work and allowed to live independently; gave some autonomy.

Front: Who was Benjamin Banneker?

Back: A free African American mathematician, astronomer, and almanac author who challenged racial stereotypes.

Front: What was gradual emancipation?

Back: Laws in northern states that slowly freed enslaved people over time rather than all at once.

Front: What discrimination did free blacks face in the North?

Back: Racism, loss of voting rights, violence like Bobalition riots, and segregated public life.

Front: What was the Naturalization Act of 1790?

Back: Limited U.S. citizenship to “free white persons,” excluding blacks and other nonwhites.

Front: What were mutual aid societies?

Back: Black organizations providing financial and social support to free African Americans.

Front: Why were black churches important?

Back: They offered spiritual independence, community support, and leadership opportunities outside white control.

Front: Why was the AME Church created?

Back: African Americans sought autonomy after facing discrimination in white churches.

Front: Who were Absalom Jones and Richard Allen?

Back: Leaders who founded the AME Church and fought for black religious independence.

Front: What jobs did free blacks often get?

Back: Low-paying manual labor, domestic work, and seafaring jobs due to discrimination.

Front: What about African American education?

Back: Rare and segregated; black children faced barriers to schooling.

Front: What was the colonization movement?

Back: Effort to relocate free African Americans to Africa; led by the American Colonization Society (ACS).

Front: How did African Americans react to colonization?

Back: Many opposed it, seeing America as their home, not Africa.

Front: Why did African Americans embrace new religions during the Great Awakening?

Back: Evangelical ideas of spiritual equality resonated with them; services were emotional and communal, similar to African traditions.