GVSU PSY 101 GALEN LATEST FULLY COMPREHENSIVE EXAM QUESTIONS BANK 2025 WITH EXPERT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ( GUARANTEED PASS )

overarching view of social psych

situationism

self-esteem heavily based on

social comparison

comparing upward (to superiors) can _______ esteem by can ________

lower, help us improve

when self-concept is threatened, can be boosted by

downward comparison (to perceived inferiors)

negative effects of social

isolation and ostractism

process of assigning causes (behavior)

attributions

Ex. Why did that person commit a crime?

Dispositional - bad person, evil, lack of morals,

Situational - people are desperate, poverty, need better options

overstimulate

underestimate

dispositional influences

situational influences

what is an example of a fundametal attribution error?

attribution about someone who cuts you off while driving vs. about yourself when you cut someone off

mass hysteria

contagious outbreak of irrational behavior that spreads ex ticks

cults

groups exhibiting intense and unquestioning between devotion to a single cause

cult factors promoting group thinking

1. persuasive leader who fosters loyalty

2. disconnect members from the outside world

3. discourage questioning of assumptions

4. gradual indrotrination

debunking by innoculation

empathize with why reasons beliefs seem trust first, then show reasons are false

Prosocial Behavior

behavior intended to help others

Bystander Noninteverntion

when people see someone in need but fail to help them

Pluralistic Ignorance

majority of group members privately reject a norm, but assume incorrectly that others accept

diffusion of responsibility

less likely to take responsibility for action or inaction when others are present

Disposition attribution (internal)

personality, talent, skill, intelligence

situational attribution (external)

opportunity, chance, incentives, consequences

attitude

belief including emotional component.

cognitive dissonance

an unpleasant state of tension between 2 opposing thoughts. Motivates us to reduce or eliminate it. Things when they clash. Ex Im a good person but do i cheat on this test.

we resolve tension by

changing the attitude

self-perception theory

acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors

prejudice

arrive at a negative attitude before evaluating evidence

generalized belief

about a group of people applied to an individual (sterotyoe)

discrimmination

unequal treatment of members of different groups

social identity theory

social world is perceived as either in group and out group

social identity theory - ingroup

people with whom we share a common identity (us)

social identity theory - outgroup

perceived as apart from the ingroup (them)

outgroup homogeneity

outgroup members perceived as being "all alike"

realistic conflict theory

competition for scarce resources creates prejudice

scapegoat theory

outgroup members are blamed for misfortune, blaming problems on different groups that aren't theirs

authoritarianism

1) obedience to authority

2) aggress

3)conformity

belief in a dangerous world

world is a scary place

social dominace

prefer soc hierarchy

system justification

rationalize staus quo as legitimate

idiographic

study of the individual with unique agency and life history

nomothetic

study of classes or cohorts of individuals

sigmund freud - viennese neurologist

first comprehensive theory of personality.

looked at things such as symptoms, resolution, symbolic, dreams, memory

fixation

have some sort of "issue" or "block" at a early stage of development

motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses

Repression

unconscious attribution of one's own negative qualities onto others

Projection

Psychologically returning to younger, safer time

Regression

Redirecting an impulse from unacceptable target onto a more acceptable one

Displacement

Transforming unacceptable impulse or anxiety-producing experience into its opposite

reaction formation

Transforming unacceptable impulse into socially valued/ admired goal

sublimation

Providing a reasonable, but untrue, explanation for behavior

rationalization

differences in personalities stem from our

learning histories

Social cognitive theory

Learning is important, but thinking plays a crucial role as well

self-actualization

people tend to be creative, spontaneous, and accepting of themselves and others

Describing and understanding the structure of personality by looking at ____

individual differences on traits

use _____ statistical procedure reduces diversity of personality descriptors underlying traits

factor analysis

Five Factor Model - OCEAN

O - openness to experience

C - conscientiousness

E - extraversion

A - agreeableness

N - neuroticism

empirical method

what items separate two groups by questions ex depressed or not by a set of questions

rational/theoretical method

begin with a clear-cut conceptualization of a trait and then write items to assess that conceptualization

projective hypothesis

project aspects of personality onto ambiguous stimuli

incremental validity

Does the (often lengthy) test add anything beyond more basic, easily collected information?

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

story based on ambiguous pictures

mental illness were often viewed though a

demonic model

renaissance, medical model saw MI as a

physical disorder

deinstitutionalization replaced long stay psychiatric hospitals with

community mental health services

major depressive disorder

most common, at 16%

how long does a depression episode last

avg 6 months to a year, often times 5-6 episodes in a life time

elicit rejection from others

interpersonal/social media

cognitive disortions

bias thoughts (over generalized)

learned helplessness

"give up" facing events we can't control

bipolar disorder includes

depressive and manic episodes

split disorder

serve disorder of though, emotion, language, lose of contact with reality. NOT "spilt personality"

sensory perceptions occurring in absence of external stimuli

hallucinations

family members can influence relapse:

hostility, criticism, over -involvement (expressed emotion)

Psychosocial factors only trigger it in persons with genetic vulnerabilities

diathesis- stress mode

emotions

mental states or feelings associated with out evaluation of our experiences

primary emotions

- seven

--happiness, anger, disgust, fear, sadness, surprise, fear v. anger

secondary emotions

blends of primary emotions

Discrete emotions theory

there is a small number of distinct emotions, even if they combine

cultural display rules

unspoken rule you learn from your culture

- some cultures teach you to suppress negative emotions

- some teach that smiling is bad

real vs fake smiles

real= Duchenne

fake= pan am

- when you smile, you smile with your eyes., you can detect a fake smile by seeing how the person uses their other facial muscles

James-lange

event --> arousal --> interpretation --> emotion

cannon-bard

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion

schachter's two factor model

event--> arousal -->cognitive labels -->emotion

attributional theories

love on the bridge

-People walked across the brige,

They were approached by an attractive

Female. She asked them questions

And then gave them her phone number

People sat on a bench next to the

Bridge, but didn't walk across it

She did the same thing, but less

Of them call.

unconscious influences

variables outside our awareness that can affect our feelings

mere exposure

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

--habituation and familiarity- hear music on the radio, you don't like it at first but the more you listen, the more you like it.

facial feedback

the effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions, as when a facial expression of anger or happiness intensifies feelings of anger or happiness

--Would altering your face change your interpretation of the situation?

lying detection

-Many stereotypes not predictive: anxiety and shifty eyes

-- people tend to be overconfident at detection

i.e. a police officer will say they are good at telling when someone is lying, but they are actually not better than anyone else- they just believe they are better at it.

polygraph

not very valid: high false positive rate

They do not measure accurately- why you cannot use them in court

(quiz 7) According to the video on facial attractiveness, symmetrical faces may have universal appeal because they signal?

Health due to absence of disease or mutations during development.

(quiz 7) According to downward comparison, our threatened self-esteem can be boosted by comparing ourselves to?

Others perceived as inferior.

(quiz 7) Social contagion theory explains things like mess hysteria or bystander intervention by predicting that?

In ambiguous situations we often look to others to know what we should do.

(quiz 7) In the Asch study, which factor reduced the tendency for participants to conform to (incorrect) group norms?

Having one other person in the group who also did not conform.

(quiz 7) Zimbardo concluded from his Stanford prison study that prisoners and guards adopted their designated roles more easily than anyone might have imagined because of?

Deindividuation.

(quiz 8) Charlotte sees a man slumped on the sidewalk. She sees others walking past, not paying attention. She concludes that this must be the correct thing to do and decides to do the same thing. This is?

Pluralistic ignorance.

(quiz 8) Sam felt an unpleasant state of tension after he littered by dropping a wrapper on the ground because he remembered telling his friends that he was an environmentalist. He is experiencing?

Cognitive dissonance.

(quiz 8) The most important variable in the classic Good Samaritan study of bystanders helping in terms of its effect on who stopped for the victim was?

Whether or not the participant was rushed and in a hurry vs. not in a hurry.

The trait of ____ includes a preference for society to be organized around obedience and conformity rather than autonomy and diversity?

Authoritarianism.

(quiz 8) The ______ is the claim that our attributions and behaviors are shaped by a belief that people always get what they deserve and what goes around comes around?

just-world hypothesis.

(quiz 10) When behavior does not allow a person to function within the everyday demands of life, this is one criteria for a mental disorder or "abnormal" because it creates_____________

Distress/ Impairment

(quiz 10) The primary purpose of the DSM-5 is to ________

Help psychological professional reliably diagnose psychological disorders.

(quiz 10) Dr. Galen was using the DMS-5 to diagnose his patients but he found that several diagnoses seemed to occur at the same time; thar his patient's symptoms could qualify them for more than one diagnosis. This phenomenon is called_________

Comorbidity.

( quiz 10) Bill thought he was having symptoms of a heart attack but his test results were negative. Rather, it is likely he was experiencing symptoms of which disorder?

Panic attacks.