General Anatomy (part 1/3) - Irene Gold Booklet :)

What type of epithelium is good for air and fluid diffusion such as in alveoli and capillaries

Simple squamous

What type of epithelium is good for areas of high friction like the skin and oral cavity

Stratified squamous

What type of epithelium is good for secretions, protection, and movement like in the bronchioles and kidney tubules

Simple cuboidal

What type of epithelium is used in sweat glands

Stratified cuboidal

Where is transitional epithelium found

Bladder, ureters, urethra (areas of stretch)

What type of epithelium is good for areas that do a lot of absorption like the stomach and intestines

Simple columnar

What type of epithelium is good for the reproductive tract

Stratified columnar

What type of epithelium lines the majority of the pulmonary tract

Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar

Macrophage cells in the liver are called _____ while in the brain are called _______

Kupffer cells; Microglia

Macrophage cells in the lungs are called _______ while in the skin are called _______

Dust cells; Langerhans cells

Where is type 1 collagen found

Bones, tendons, organs

Where is type 2 collagen found

Cartilage

Where is type 3 collagen found

reticular fibers

Dense irregular tissue is found in the

Skin

Dense regular tissue is found in

Tendons and ligament

Reticular fibers are found in

Lymph nodes and spleen

What layer of the skin is responsible for skin color due to its melanin contents

Striatum Germinativum (aka Basal Layer)

What is the most superficial layer of epidermis

Striatum Corneum

What are the 3 layers of the dermis

Papillary dermis, Reticular dermis, Hypodermis

What layer of skin is only found on soles of feet and palms of hands

Striatum lucidum

What are the Suprahyoid muscles

Stylohyoid, Digastric, Mylohyoid, Geniohyoid

What are the infrahyoid muscles

Thyrohyoid, Omohyoid, Sternohyoid, Sternothyroid

Stylohyoid muscle is innervated by what nerve

CN VII (facial)

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue

Palatoglossus, Styloglossus, Hyoglossus, Genioglossus

What extrinsic muscle of the tongue is innervated by CN X

Palatoglossus

What muscle of the tongue is used to depress and protrude the tongue

Genioglossus

What are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue

superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse, vertical

All of the intrinsic tongue muscles are innervated by

CN XII (hypoglossal)

What attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth

Frenulum

What taste buds are the largest but fewest in number

Circumvallate

What taste buds ate the smallest but most numerous

Filiform

What taste buds are not involved in taste

Filiform

What is the first taste buds on the tongue

Fungiform

What taste buds are located on the sides of the tongue

Foliate

The lymph nodes found at the back of mouth and top of throat are called

Tonsils (AKA Rings of Waldeyer)

Where are the pharyngeal tonsils located

roof of nasopharynx

Swelling of the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) can cause what problem

Occlusion of Eustachian tube

What tonsils are bilateral

Tubal and Palatine

What tonsils are unilateral

Pharyngeal (adenoids), and Lingual

What tonsil is found at the posterior 1/3 of tongue

Lingual

What muscle abducts the vocal folds

Posterior Cricoarytenoids

What muscle adducts the vocal folds

Lateral cricoarytenoids

Function of Thyroarytenoids

Relaxes vocal ligament (low pitch sound)

Function of cricothyroid

Tenses/lengthens vocal ligament (high pitch sound)

3 unpaired laryngeal cartilages

Thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis

What forms the laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple)

Thyroid

what forms the superior and inferior horns (cornu)

thyroid

what is the transition between larynx and trachea

cricoid

what articulates with arytenoid cartilages

cricoid

During swallowing hows does the epiglottis move to close of the larynx and prevent aspiration

flattens and movers posteriorly

What level is the thyroid

C4/5

What level is the cricoid

C6

3 paired laryngeal cartilages

arytenoids, corniculates, cuneiforms

The SCM, Posterior belly of digastric and superior belly of omohyoid make the borders of what triangle

Carotid triangle

The anterior & posterior digastric muscle and the inferior border of the mandible make up what triangle?

Submandibular (aka Digastric) triangle

SCM, superior belly of omohyoid, midline of neck are the boarders of what triangle

muscular/inferior carotid

The larynx, trachea and thyroid gland are all contents of what anatomical triangle

Muscular (aka inferior carotid) triangle

The anterior belly of digastric muscle, hyoid bone and midline of the neck mark the borders of what triangle

Suprahyoid (aka submental) triangle

The cervical plexus and spinal accessory nerves are part of what anatomical triangle?

Occipital

The SCM, inferior belly of omohyoid and clavicle mark the borders of what triangle?

Subclavian (aka supraclvicular/omoclavicular) triangle

The brachial plexus and subclavian artery are found in what anatomical triangle?

Subclavian (aka supraclvicular/omoclavicular) triangle

What are the posterior triangles of the neck?

Occipital and subclavian (aka supraclavicular) triangle

What are the anterior triangles of the neck

Carotid, submandibular, inferior carotid, submental,

What makes the borders of the anterior triangle of the neck

SCM, midline of neck, inferior border of mandible

What makes the borders of the posterior triangle of the neck

SCM, trapezius, middle 1/3rd of clavicle

contents of carotid triangle

external and internal carotid arteries

jugular vein

vagus nerve

content of submandibular/digastric

salivary glands

hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

myohyoidd nerve

Contents of suprahyoid /submental triangle

submental lymph nodes

muscles of floor of mouth

salivary glands ducts

occipital triangle boundaries

SCM, trapezius, inferior belly of omohyoid

contents of subclavian triangle

brachial plexus

subclavian artery

transverse cervical artery

suprascapular artery

terminal portion extern la jugular vein

What kind of muscle makes up the esophagus

Both smooth and striated

What structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

Thoracic outlet (inferior thoracic aperture)

At what level does the diaphragm closes off the thoracic outlet and is the gastro esophageal junction

T11/T12

Where does the esophagus meet the stomach

Cardiac notch

What 3 structures pierce the diaphragm & what levels?

T8 - inferior vena cava

T10 - esophagus

T12 - aorta

what transmits the vagus nerve to the diaphragm

esophagus opening

What transmits the thoracic ducts and azygous vein into the diaphragm

aorta

Right crus lumber level ?

L1/L3

Left crus lumber level ?

L1/L2

The left and right crus form what ligament

Median accurate ligament

What makes up the medial arcuate ligament

Psoas fascia

What makes up the lateral arcuate ligament

Quadratic lumborum fascia

What is the function of the mesentery

Connects organs to posterior abdominal wall

connects one organ to another

ligaments

What structure covers the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon

Greater omentum

What does the lesser omentum connect

lesser curvature of stomach to liver

What muscle elevates the first four ribs during inspiration

Serrated posterior superior

What are the muscles of expiration

Internal intercostals and serrated posterior inferior

What innervated the muscles of inspiration vs expiration

T1-T4 costal nerves; T9-12 costal nerves

What abdominal organs are retroperitoneal

SAIDPUCKER

Suprarenal gland, Aorta, Inferior vena cava, Duodenum, Pancreas, Ureters, Colon, Kidneys, Esophagus, Rectum

T/F the right lung has arterial impressions

False (left= areteriole, right=venous)

Where is the horizontal fissure of the right lung

4th rib anteriorly, T6 posterioly

What does the oblique fissure of the right lung divide

Middle lobe from inferior lobe

What does the oblique fissure of the left lung divide

separates superior and inferior lobe

How many bronchopulmonary segments are in each lung?

Right= 10, left= 8

What makes up the hilum of the lungs

Pulmonary artery & vein, bronchus,

Where does the trachea begin and end

Begins C6 at inferior margin of cricoid cartilage, ends T4 at sternal angle of Louis

what bifurcates into the right and left primary bronchus

trachea

what kind of cartilage in found in the trachea to the secondary (lobar) bronchus

hyaline cartilage

Where does the hyaline cartilage stop in the bronchus

tertiary segment (segmental bronchus)