CHAPTER 2 AND 3 AICE US GOD HELP ME

IDFK BRUH JUST STUDY

Border States

Slave states (Missouri, Kentucky, Delaware, Maryland) that stayed in the Union, providing critical resources and geography.

Union Blockade

Naval strategy to choke Southern trade, crippling the Confederate economy.

Anaconda Plan

Union strategy to surround and squeeze the South via blockades and controlling the Mississippi River.

Total War

Strategy targeting both military and civilian resources, used later in the Civil War.

Conscription (Draft)

Forced men to fight in both the North and South, causing riots and resentment.

Habeas Corpus Suspended

Lincoln's act of limiting civil liberties by jailing people without trial to keep border states in check.

Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

Freed slaves only in rebel states, not border states. Made the Civil War about slavery.

Presidential Reconstruction

Led by Lincoln (then Johnson); aimed for quick, lenient reentry for Southern states.

Radical Reconstruction

Congress-led; harsher on the South, pushed civil rights and military control of Southern states.

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery (1865).

14th Amendment

Made former slaves citizens and promised equal protection (1868).

15th Amendment

Gave Black men the right to vote (1870).

Freedmen’s Bureau

Gave food, education, and aid to freed slaves. A key support system with limited funding.

Sharecropping

Replaced slavery, keeping Black farmers poor and dependent.

Black Codes

Laws to control freedmen and keep them in slave-like conditions.

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

White supremacist group using terror to stop Black political participation.

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. North got the presidency, South got federal troops removed, leading to the rise of Jim Crow.

Robber Barons

Wealthy, powerful industrialists who used exploitative practices to build monopolies.

Andrew Carnegie (Steel)

Controlled steel through vertical integration. Gave some wealth away (Gospel of Wealth), but paid workers little.

John D. Rockefeller (Oil)

Used horizontal integration to form the Standard Oil monopoly.

J.P. Morgan (Banking)

Major financier who bailed out the U.S. government in 1895; later bought Carnegie Steel to form U.S. Steel.

Trusts

Combinations of firms to reduce competition and control prices, often forming into monopolies.

Protectionism

High tariffs to protect American industry, helping big business grow.

Laissez-faire

Government policy of minimal interference in the economy, allowing trusts and monopolies to flourish.

Panic of 1873 / 1893 / 1907

Major financial crashes due to overinvestment and weak regulation, leading to unemployment and recession.

New Immigration

Mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe (Italians, Poles, Jews, etc.). Faced xenophobia and poor living conditions.

Boss System

Political machines controlled cities through bribery and corruption.

Labor Unions

Workers organized for better wages/conditions, often met with violence.

Granger Movement

Farmers organized against railroads and banks, wanting regulation and lower shipping costs.

Progressivism

Reform movement to fix problems caused by industrialization and corruption.

Muckrakers

Journalists exposing corruption.

Trust-Busting

Breaking up monopolies.

Temperance / Prohibition

Ban on alcohol (seen as a source of poverty, crime).

Women's Suffrage

Fought for the right to vote.

16th Amendment

Income tax to reduce dependence on tariffs.

17th Amendment

Direct election of senators (reduce corruption).

18th Amendment

Prohibition of alcohol (1919).

19th Amendment

Women’s right to vote (1920).

Theodore Roosevelt (1901–09)

"Square Deal" reforms: trust-busting, conservation, consumer protection.