PE - module 2

Anatomy

• The branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms, especially as revealed by dissection and the separation of parts.

• Studies of the body parts and their relationships.

2 Subdivisions of anatomy

1. Macroscopic (Gross) Anatomy

2. Microscopic Anatomy

MACROSCOPIC (GROSS) ANATOMY

Study of large body structure. Ex. heart, lungs, kidneys, bones etc. which are visible by naked eye

MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY

Very small structures that cannot be seen with naked eyes. Ex. Cytology (study of body cells), Histology (study of body tissues).

PHYSIOLOGY

• The branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts.

• Is the study of how the body works

• Involves many levels including organisms, organ systems, organs, cells, and biomolecules

Human Physiology

The science of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of normal humans or human tissues and organs.

10 Characteristics of Life

1. Responsiveness

2. Movement

3. Reproduction

4. Respiration

5. Growth

6. Digestion

7. Absorption

8. Assimilation

9. Circulation

10. Excretion

Responsiveness

ability to sense change and react

Movement

change in position of an organism

Reproduction

process of making a new organism

Respiration

the act of breathing or process of getting oxygen

Growth

process of growing in physical size

Digestion

breakdown of food into smaller components that can be absorbed into the bloodstream

Absorption

body absorbs molecules from food

Assimilation

body converting food into vitamins, minerals, and other chemicals for nutrition

Circulation

continuous movement of material throughout the body

Excretion

the process of eliminating or expelling waste matter

5 Needs of Organisms

1. Water

2. Food

3. Oxygen

4. Heat

5. Pressure

Water

• most abundant substance in the body

• carries nutrients in and out of body

Food

provides energy and nutrients for the body

Oxygen

20% of atmospheric air that we breath (78% nitrogen, 2% other gases)

Heat

• normal temp of humans: 37°C

• maintains metabolic and enzymatic processes

hydrostatic

blood flow force within vessels and heart

normal BP of humans

120/80mmHg

Pressure

allow us to breath

atmospheric

force exerted by the air above it as gravity pulls it to Earth

Homeostasis

The ability to maintain a relatively stable internal state that persists despite changes in the external environment.

• e.g. maintaining a constant body temperature; regulating cell number and cell size to maintain organ size and function; regulating blood pH level of 7.35-7.45

why homeostasis is important

It maintains an equilibrium of the body’s physiological processes. If homeostasis is disrupted, a disease or disorder may result if not controlled

atom

Simplest Unit of an Element

Molecules

Combined Atoms

organelles

combined molecules (basic unites in cells)

cells

basic unit of living organism

tissue

group of cells

organ

group of tissue

system

organs working together

organisms

all levels working together

Body Systems

·       Respiratory system

·       Urinary system

·       Cardiovascular system

·       Reproductive system

·       Nervous system

·       Endocrine system

·       Musculoskeletal system

·       Integumentary system

·       Lymphatic and Immune system

Gastrointestinal system

The gastrointestinal/digestive system is responsible for breaking down food into nutrients. They can then be absorbed into the bloodstream so the body can use them for energy, growth and repair. Unused materials are discarded as feces

mouth

Absorbs and moistens food, breaks it into small pieces, and then combines it with saliva

esophagus

Carries food from the mouth to the stomach after it is swallowed

stomach

Produces gastric juices. Mixes food with gastric juices to form chyme

small intestine

Breaks down foods, digestion, absorption of nutrients for the body, and elimination of waste products

Large intestine (colon)

The large intestine turns food waste into stool. The large intestine is involved in the absorption of water and in the production of vitamins.

rectum

Collects and holds your feces.

anus

Controls the expulsion of feces.

liver

Secretes bile which breaks down fats into fatty acids

pancreas

Makes enzymes that break down sugars, fats, and starches.

Gallbladder

Stores and releases bile to help your digestive system break down fats.

three main functions of gastrointestinal system

• digestion of food

• absorption of nutrients from food

• elimination of solid food waste

respiratory system

The respiratory system's main job is to move fresh air into your body while removing waste gases. This system helps your body absorb oxygen from the air so your organs can work. It also cleans waste gases, such as carbon dioxide, from your blood.

Nose and Mouth

Openings that pull air into your respiratory system

Sinuses

Help regulate the temperature and humidity of the air you inhale

Pharynx (Throat)

Receives air from the nasal cavity and air, food, and water from the oral cavity. The epiglottis is located here

Larynx (voice box)

Allows you to talk and make sounds when air moves in and out

Trachea (Windpipe)

Passage connecting your throat and lungs.

Bronchi

Carry air into your lungs. Branches out to smaller pathways called bronchioles

Lungs

Brings oxygen into our bodies (inhalation) and sends carbon dioxide out (exhalation).

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.

five functions of the respiratory system.

1. Gas Exchange – oxygen and carbon dioxide

2. Breathing – movement of air

3. Sound Production

4. Olfactory Assistance – sense of smell

5. Protection – from dust and microbes entering body through mucus production, cilia, and coughing

urinary system

The urinary system, also known as the renal system, is a vital organ system responsible for regulating the balance of fluids and electrolytes in the body and eliminating waste products through urine.

kidney

bean-shaped organs located on either side of the spine, below the ribcage.

urinary bladder

hollow, muscular organ that stores urine until it is ready to be expelled from the body.

Ureters

slender tubes that connect each kidney to the urinary bladder. They transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder through peristaltic contractions.

urethra

tube that carries urine from the bladder to the external environment

functions of urinary system

1. Filtration: The kidneys filter blood to remove waste products, excess water, and electrolytes, producing urine as a result. ·

2. Regulation of Blood Pressure: The kidneys help regulate blood pressure by controlling the volume of blood and the concentration of electrolytes in the body.

3. Waste Elimination: The system eliminates metabolic waste products, such as urea and creatinine, from the body through urine.

cardiovascular system

The cardiovascular system, also known as the circulatory system, is a complex network of organs and blood vessels responsible for transporting blood, oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other essential substances throughout the body.

heart

muscular organ that acts as a pump. It contracts rhythmically to propel blood throughout the circulatory system.

Capillaries

tiny, thin-walled vessels that connect arteries and veins.

Arteries

oxygenated blood away from the heart to various tissues and organs.

Veins

transport deoxygenated blood from the body's tissues back to the heart.

Blood

vital fluid that flows through the circulatory system. It consists of red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), platelets (thrombocytes), and plasma

functions of cardiovascular system

1. Circulates OXYGEN and removes Carbon Dioxide.

2. Provides cells with NUTRIENTS.

3. Removes the waste products of metabolism to the excretory organs for disposal.

4. Protects the body against disease and infection.

5. Transports HORMONES to target cells and organs.

female reproductive system

consists of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina and vulva.

male reproductive system

includes the testes, penis, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts and urethra.

Nervous System consist of

brain, sensory receptor, nerves, spinal cord that control homeostasis by stimulating muscles contraction and glands secretion.

endocrine system

A critical regulatory system that uses hormones as chemical messengers to control various physiological processes in the body.

HYPOTHALAMUS

Located in the brain, it regulates basic functions and controls the pituitary gland's hormone secretion

PITUITARY GLAND

Often called the "master gland, " it controls other endocrine glands and various metabolic processes.

THYROID GLAND

Located in the neck, it regulates metabolism, energy production, and body temperature

ADRENAL GLANDS

Situated a top each kidney, they produce hormones that respond to stress, regulate metabolism, and control blood pressure.

PANCREAS

Releases insulin and glucagon, critical for blood sugar control and glucose metabolism.

OVARIES AND TESTES

These reproductive organs produce sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone) for sexual development and function.

PARATHYROID GLANDS

Found behind the thyroid, they produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) to regulate blood calcium and phosphate levels.

functions of endocrine system

1. METABOLISM REGULATION - Hormones like thyroid hormones and insulin control metabolism, energy production, and glucose utilization

2. HOMEOSTASIS MAINTENANCE - Helps keep internal conditions stable, regulating variables such as blood pressure, blood sugar levels, and body temperature.

3. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT - Growth hormone (from the pituitary gland) is crucial for childhood and adolescent growth

4. REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION - Sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone) play a role in sexual development and reproduction.

musculoskeletal system

A complex system of bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joints that provides support, stability, and movement to the human body.

BONES

The structural framework of the body, bones protect vital organs, store minerals, and produce blood cells in the bone marrow.

TENDONS

Tough, fibrous tissues that connect muscles to bones, enabling the transmission of muscle force to bone for movement.

MUSCLES

These tissues are responsible for generating force and movement in the body.

LIGAMENTS

Fibrous bands that connect bone to bone, providing stability to joints and preventing excessive movement.

functions of muscoskeletal system

1. MOVEMENT - Muscles work in coordination with bones to produce various types of movement, including voluntary and involuntary actions.

2. PROTECTION - Bones safeguard internal organs such as the brain, heart, and lungs from injury

3. BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION - Bone marrow within certain bones produces red and white blood cells and platelets, essential for immunity and oxygen transport.

4. MINERAL STORAGE - Bones store minerals like calcium and phosphorus, releasing them into the bloodstream as needed for bodily functions

integumentary system

Your body is protected from bacteria, infections, injuries, and sunlight by your integumentary system, which also serves as a physical barrier. It allows you to experience hot and cold skin sensations and helps control your body's temperature.

Epidermis

acts like armor to protect your body from harm, including ultraviolet (UV) radiation, pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites) and chemicals.

Dermis

The second layer of skin contains sweat glands, hair follicles, and nerve endings that relay skin injury and inflammation.

Hypodermis

It stores energy, connecting the dermis layer of your skin to your muscles and bones, insulating your body and protecting your body from harm

lymphatic system

The lymphatic system functions like a drainage system that eventually returns the extra fluids to the bloodstream. It is a subsystem of the circulatory and immune systems. While the human immune system is the most complex biological system we know after the human brain, it prevents invasive microorganisms from entering our body

Bone Marrow

The bone marrow can be found at the center of the bone, it manufactures bone marrow stem cells and other substances, producing blood cells

Thymus

it makes white blood cells (T cells) part of the immune system and helps fight infection.

Spleen

It combats any invasive germs in the blood. Controls the level of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. It screens the blood and removes any old or damaged red blood cells.

Lymphoid nodules

Tonsils are lymphoid nodules are tiny organs that prevent foreign objects from sliding into the lungs

Lymph nodes

are small lumps of tissue that contain white blood cells, which fight infections