CELL ORGANELLES

Cell wall

A rigid structure that surrounds the plant cell membrane and provides support to the cell

Cell membrane(plasma membrane)

thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell (gatekeeper)

Nucleus

Control center of the cell (brain of cell)

Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and makes ribosomes

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Ribosome

Organelle that makes proteins

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm. Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes. functions in transport of substances such as proteins within the cytoplasm (Fed Ex)

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

creates lipids (fat)

Vacuole

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates (storage container)

Golgi Apparatus/Body

stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (Post office)

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell (cell energy)

Lysosome

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell (trashcan)

Centriole/centromere

Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only

Chloroplast

organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy (NOT in animals)

Chromatin

Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell

Organelle

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

Eukaryotic cells

have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles (ALL ANIMALS AND PLANTS)

prokaryotic cell

cell that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. (bacteria)

chlorophyll

green substance in a chloroplast that traps energy from sunlight (only in plants)

DNA (genetic material)

DNA, which stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, is defined as a nucleic acid that contains the genetic code

Synthesis

To make

Glycolysis

A metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and release energy for the body in the form of ATP

cellular respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

Photosynthesis

Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars

ATP

Cell energy

Passive Transport (Diffusion and osmosis)

Requires no energy to move molecules from high to low concentration

active tranport

Transport that requires ATP to transport substances.

Osmosis (passive)

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

selectively permeable membrane

some substances can pass across them and others cannot

facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

Isotonic (balanced cell)

Describes a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell

Hypotonic (cell is swollen)

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

Hypertonic (cell shrinks)

Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.

Endocytosis (a form of active transport)

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

Exocytosis (a form of active transport)

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

Homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

Equilibrium

A state of balance

Glucose

A simple sugar that is an important source of energy.

Concentration

The spread of something over a given area.

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.