Eisenhower's Second Term and the Space Race, Eisenhower and the 1952 Election, Eisenhower's Cold War Foreign Policy Overview, Roots of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s, Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s, Eisenhower's Domestic Policy Overview

Eisenhower's Landslide Victory

Eisenhower won against Stevenson in 1956 election.

Health Concerns

Eisenhower faced health issues post-heart attack and surgery.

Labor Strikes of 1959

Labor strikes and corruption led to union reforms.

Dave Beck

Teamster chief imprisoned for embezzlement in 1959.

Jimmy Hoffa

Replaced Beck; later disappeared under mysterious circumstances.

Statehood of Alaska and Hawaii

Alaska and Hawaii became states in 1959.

22nd Amendment

Limits presidents to two terms in office.

Military-Industrial Complex

Eisenhower warned about government and war industry ties.

Misuse of Science

Critics noted science misapplied to entertainment, not defense.

Sputnik I

Soviet satellite launched in 1957, surprising the US.

Explorer Satellite

US launched Explorer four months after Sputnik I.

Science Gap Concerns

Fears of falling behind USSR prompted education reforms.

SAT Exam Creation

Concerns over education led to the SAT's development.

National Defense Education Act

1958 act provided $887 million for education loans.

Space Race Impact

Space exploration influenced US culture significantly.

UFO Sightings Increase

1950s saw a rise in reported UFO sightings.

Science Fiction Popularity

Cultural fascination with space reflected in media.

Dynamic Conservatism

Eisenhower's approach balancing conservative and liberal policies.

Adlai E. Stevenson

Democratic candidate, witty governor of Illinois in 1952.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Republican candidate, WWII hero, won 1952 election.

Richard Nixon

Eisenhower's VP, known for anticommunist stance.

Checkers Speech

Nixon's televised address defending campaign finances.

Slush Fund

Secretly financed fund used by Nixon in campaign.

Television's Influence

Checkers Speech demonstrated TV's power in politics.

Ike's Popularity

Eisenhower was well-liked, portrayed as a grandfatherly figure.

1952 Election Results

Eisenhower won decisively: 442 electoral votes to 89.

Nixon's Political Comeback

Nixon saved his career through the Checkers Speech.

Editing Techniques

Eisenhower's TV appearance was edited for effect.

Massive Retaliation

Full-scale nuclear attack threat against Soviet aggression.

John Foster Dulles

Secretary of State advocating liberation from Soviet control.

Strategic Air Command

U.S. fleet of super-bombers for nuclear deterrence.

Radio Free Europe

Promotes democracy through factual information dissemination.

Warsaw Pact

Military alliance formed by USSR in 1955.

Nikita Khrushchev

Soviet leader who denounced Stalin's brutality.

Hungarian Revolt

1956 uprising against USSR, U.S. provided no help.

Nuclear Testing Agreement

1958 promise to end 'dirty' nuclear tests.

Camp David Talks

1959 meeting where Khrushchev offered disarmament.

U-2 Spy Incident

1960 event marking heightened Cold War tensions.

Khrushchev's Trap

Soviet leader revealed U.S. lies about U-2 incident.

Cold War Thawing

Period of reduced tensions between U.S. and USSR.

Eisenhower Doctrine

Policy to counter Soviet influence in the Middle East.

Containment Policy

U.S. strategy to prevent Soviet expansion.

Brinkmanship

Diplomatic strategy of pushing dangerous events to the edge.

Soviet Aggression

Military actions taken by USSR to expand influence.

Nuclear Deterrence

Preventing war through the threat of nuclear retaliation.

Democratic Values

Principles promoting freedom and political participation.

Super-Bombers

Aircraft designed for delivering nuclear weapons globally.

Stalin's Brutality

Repressive tactics employed by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin.

Dirty Testing

Nuclear tests causing environmental contamination.

U.S. Non-Intervention

Refusal to assist Hungary during 1956 revolt.

Khrushchev's Disarmament Offer

Proposal for nuclear disarmament during Camp David talks.

Spy Plane Cover Story

U.S. claim about U-2 being a weather aircraft.

Oxygen Difficulties

False explanation for U-2 pilot's emergency situation.

Tense Cold War Period

Era marked by increased hostilities post-U-2 incident.

Civil Rights

Protect individual freedoms and political participation.

Black Codes

Laws denying rights to African Americans post-Civil War.

Jim Crow Laws

State laws enforcing racial segregation in the South.

Plessey v. Ferguson

1896 case establishing 'separate but equal' doctrine.

Populist Party

Political movement that energized African American voters.

Literacy Tests

Requirements designed to disenfranchise African American voters.

Grandfather Clause

Exemption from literacy tests based on grandfather's voting.

Voting Disenfranchisement

Obstacles preventing African Americans from voting.

A. Philip Randolph

Leader advocating for civil rights and workplace equality.

Universal Negro Improvement Association

Marcus Garvey's organization promoting black nationalism.

Marcus Garvey

Advocate for black separation and return to Africa.

Jackie Robinson

First African American in Major League Baseball.

Truman's Desegregation

1948 policy ending racial segregation in the military.

NAACP

Organization fighting for civil rights and racial equality.

Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

Labor union led by A. Philip Randolph.

Civil Rights Movement

Struggle for social justice and equality for African Americans.

FDR's Executive Order

Banned workplace discrimination during World War II.

Voter Qualifications

Laws restricting voting rights, especially for blacks.

Poll Taxes

Fees required to vote, disenfranchising poor voters.

Civil Rights Leaders

Influential figures advocating for African American rights.

Segregation

Separation of races in public spaces and services.

Moral Revolution

A. Philip Randolph's call for broader social justice.

Eisenhower's Role

Did not actively support Civil Rights reforms.

81 Years Without Act

No civil rights act passed since Reconstruction.

Earl Warren

Chief Justice who supported African-American rights.

Sweatt v. Painter

Ruling against separate professional schools' equality.

Brown v. Board of Education

Declared 'separate but equal' unconstitutional in education.

Claudette Colvin

First to refuse bus seat, arrested at 15.

Rosa Parks

Refused bus seat, inspired Montgomery Bus Boycott.

Civil Disobedience

Peaceful protests led by Martin Luther King Jr.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Organized black churches for civil rights activism.

Little Rock Nine

Nine students integrated Little Rock Central High School.

101st Airborne Troops

Escorted Little Rock Nine to ensure safety.

Television's Role

Showed public the South's civil rights struggles.

Civil Rights Commission

Investigated rights violations, protected denied rights.

Sit-in Movement

Started by students at Woolworth's diner.

Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee

Formed to focus civil rights efforts.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Protest against bus segregation lasting over a year.

Harriet Tubman

Symbol of resistance for Claudette Colvin.

Sojourner Truth

Inspiration for Claudette Colvin's protest.

Earl Warren's Regrets

Eisenhower regretted Warren's Supreme Court decisions.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Established 'separate but equal' doctrine in 1896.

Civil Rights Leaders

Used media to highlight civil rights abuses.

National Guard Mobilization

Faubus prevented integration at Little Rock High.

Elizabeth Eckford

One of the Little Rock Nine students.

Greensboro Sit-in

Four students protested at a diner in 1960.