RAD 300: Projections, Positions, and Anatomical Relationships

caudad

refers to parts away from the head or body

cephalad

refers to parts towards the head or body

inferior

refers to nearer the feet or situated below

superior

refers to nearer the head or situated above

central

refers to the. middle area or main part of an organ

peripheral

refers to parts at or near the surface, edge, or outside of another body part

contralateral

refers to part or parts on the opposite side of body

ipsilateral

refers to part or parts on the same side of the body

lateral

refers to parts away from the median plane of body or away from t he middle of another body part to the right or left

medial

refers to parts toward the median plane of body or towards the middle of another body part

deep

refers ot parts far from the surface

superficial

refers to parts near the skin or surface

distal

refers to parts farthest from the point of attachment, point of reference, origin or beginning, away from the center of the body

proximal

refers to parts nearer the point of attachment, point of reference, origin or beginning; toward the center of the body

external

refers to parts outside an organ or on the outside of the body

internal

refers to parts within or on the inside of an organ

parietal

refers to the wall or lining of a body cavity

visceral

refers to the covering of an organ

dorsum

refers to the top or anterior surface of the foot or the back or posterior surface of the hand

palmar

refers to the palm of the heand

plantar

refers to teh sle of the foot

anteroposterior (AP) projection

perpendicular central ray to ENTER the anterior body surface and EXIT the posterior body surface

posteroanterior (PA) projection

perpendicular CR ENTERS the posterior body surface and EXITS the anterior body surface

axial projection

CR passes through the entire body or body part; longitudinal angulation with the long axis of the body or specific body part…

angling the CR cephalic or caudal; must involve angle of 10 degrees or more

tangential projection

CR toward the outer margin of a curved body surface to profile (capture) a body part just under the surface: free of super imposition (overlapped layering of structures)

lateral projection

perpendicular CR ENTERS one side, passes transversely along the coronal plane EXITS the opposite side

lateral projection

lateromedial

lateral projection

mediolateral

oblique projection

CR ENTERS the body or part from a side angle following oblique plane

PA oblique projection

LAO and RAO positions will use a ____ projection

AP oblique projection

LPO and RPO positions will use a _____ projection

true projection

body part must placed in this position in order to obtain the projection

supine position

lying on the back

prone position

laying face down

recumbent position

general term laying down in any position; dorsal recumbent, ventral recumbent, or lateral recumbent

trendelenburg position

supine head tilted downward

fowler position

supine with head higher than the feet

sims position

recumbent patient lying on left anterior (semiprone) with left leg extended and right knee and thigh partially flexed

lithotomy position

supine with knees and hip flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, ankle supports

lateral position

named with the side closest to the ir

oblique position

coronal plane is not parallel with radiographic table or IR

• RAO

• LAO

• LPO

• RPO

lateral decubitus position

can be left or right, pt will lie on the corresponding side posterior back near IR; horizontal ray (AP projection)

dorsal decubitus position

can be left or right, pt lie on their back with the corresponding side lateral to the IR; HORIZONTAL CR; lateral projection

ventral decubitus position

can be left or right, pt lie on their stomach and corresponding side will be closes to the IR; CR is HORIZONTAL; lateral projection

lordotic position

lead backward, upright body position so only the shoulders are in contact with IR; creates angle btwn CR and body part; AP axial projection of chest.