Exercise physiology exam 1

normal pulse rate for adults

60-100 bpm

Tachycardia

is a condition characterized by a resting heart rate above 100 beats per minute in adults.

bradycardia

a slower than normal heart rate, typically under 60 beats per minute.

normal respiratory rate

is the typical number of breaths taken per minute, generally between 12 to 20 breaths in a healthy adult.

tacyphnea

is a condition characterized by an increased respiratory rate, generally above 20 breaths per minute in adults.

bradyphnea

is a condition characterized by a slower than normal respiratory rate, typically below 12 breaths per minute in adults.

normal blood pressure

is the measure of the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels, typically around 120/80 mmHg in a healthy adult.

elevated blood pressure

120-129/<80

hypertension stage 1

is defined as a blood pressure reading of 130-139 systolic or 80-89 diastolic. It is considered a warning sign and may require lifestyle changes.

stage 2 hypertension

is defined as a blood pressure reading of 140 or higher systolic or 90 or higher diastolic, indicating a more serious health risk that may require medication.

ATP-PC system

is a type of energy system that provides immediate energy through the breakdown of stored high-energy phosphates, primarily adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate (PC). It is crucial for short bursts of high-intensity activities.

glycolysis

is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, yielding a small amount of ATP. It plays a key role in energy production during both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

oxidative phosphorylation

is the process by which ATP is produced in the mitochondria during cellular respiration, using the energy released from electrons transferred through the electron transport chain.

krebs cycle

is a series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria that generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA, producing ATP, NADH, and FADH2, which are essential for the electron transport chain.

electron transport chain

is a series of complexes located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions, driving the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

cori cycle

is a metabolic pathway that involves the conversion of lactate produced in muscles into glucose in the liver, providing a mechanism for recycling lactate during anaerobic exercise.

alanine glucose cycle

is a metabolic pathway that involves the conversion of lactate and alanine to glucose, allowing for the transport of energy substrates between muscles and the liver during fasting or intense exercise.

what does 1 MET equal

to the energy cost of sitting quietly at rest, approximately 3.5 mL of oxygen per kilogram of body weight per minute.

steady state

is a condition where the physiological variables are stable and the body is adapting to sustained activity, maintaining a balance between energy supply and demand over time.

oxygen debt

is the amount of oxygen required to restore the body to its normal resting level after exercise, accounting for the energy used during physical activity.

vo2max

is the maximum rate of oxygen consumption measured during intense exercise, reflecting an individual's aerobic capacity and cardiovascular fitness.

what is the major fuel selection

process during sustained exercise, where the body primarily utilizes carbohydrates and fats to meet energy demands.

nutritional recommendations for carbohydrates

45-65% calories

nutritional recommendations for fats

20-35% calories

nutritional recommendations for protein

10-35% calories

saturated fats

types of fats that should be consumed in limited amounts, ideally less than 10% of total daily calories, as they can raise cholesterol levels and increase the risk of heart disease.

Unsaturated fats

types of fats that are generally considered healthier, can help lower cholesterol levels, and are found in foods like nuts, seeds, and fish.

trans fats

types of unhealthy fats that are created through hydrogenation. They can increase bad cholesterol levels and lower good cholesterol, raising the risk of heart disease.

what are normal LDL levels

levels are considered normal when they are less than 100 mg/dL.

what are normal HDL levels

levels are considered normal when they are 60 mg/dL or higher.

what are normal triglyceride levels

levels are considered normal when they are less than 150 mg/dL.

what is the normal total cholesterol levels

Total cholesterol levels are considered normal when they are less than 200 mg/dL.

what is the normal for BMI

18.5-24.9 kg/m²

what is obese BMI level

over or greater than 30kg/m²

what percent of our body weight is from skeletal muscle

40-50%

type 1 fibers

slow oxidative

type II a fibers

fast oxidative glycolytic

type II b fibers

fast glycolytic

isometric

a type of muscle contraction where the muscle length remains unchanged while generating force

concentric

occurs when a muscle shortens while producing force, causing movement at a joint

eccentric

occurs when a muscle lengthens while it's actively contracting

isotonic

a type of muscle contraction where the muscle changes length while maintaining a constant tension

isokinetic

a type of muscle contraction where the speed of the muscle movement is kept constant throughout the entire range of motion, while the force exerted by the muscle can vary

primary hypertension

cause unknown

most common

secondary hypertension

result from other diseases

cardiac output

amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute

P wave

atrial depolarization

QRS complex

ventricular depolarization and atrial depolarization

T wave

ventricular depolarization

PR segment

delay to all the ventricle to fill with blood and time for the atria to contract

ST elevation

myocardial injury

ST depression

ischemia

isoelectric line

also known as the baseline, represents the absence of electrical activity in the heart