Cellular and Tissue Level Biology Practice Flashcards

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering cellular structures, transport mechanisms, protein synthesis, tissue classifications, and chemical foundations based on lecture transcripts.

Cell Membrane

Structures the cell, determines what may enter and leave the cell.

Passive transport

high concentration to low concentration with no energy required.

Active transport

low concentration to high concentration requiring energy.

Exocytosis

materials are moved out of the cell.

Endocytosis

materials are moved into the cell.

Transcription

carries instructions from DNA to the ribosome.

Translation

RNAs transport specific amino acids for assembly

Chromatin

The form of human DNA when it is spread out for use.

Chromosomes

Tightly packaged DNA; human cells contain 46 of these before dividing.

Mitosis

cell division, resulting in two identical daughter cells.

Telomeres

Noncoding strings of nucleotides at the ends of chromosomes that protect the chromosome ends and are lost during cell division.

Epithelial Tissues

Tissues that cover and line all of the body's surfaces

Connective Tissues

Tissues composed of cells and fibers in a matrix, ranging from fluid like blood to dense like bone.

Nervous Tissue

Tissue composed of neurons and neuroglia functioning in communication through electrical and chemical signals.

Hyperplasia

tissue growth; production of more cells.

Hypertrophy

tissue growth; making existing cells bigger.

Metaplasia

The change of tissue from one type to another.

Atrophy

The shrinkage of tissue due to age or disuse.

Necrosis

The premature death of tissue.

Infarction

The sudden premature death of tissue.

Gangrene

The death of tissue due to insufficient blood supply, often associated with an infection.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death.

Neoplasia

The uncontrolled growth; nonfunctional tissue.

Carcinomas

Cancers that originate in epithelial tissues.

Sarcomas

Cancers that originate in connective tissues or muscle.

Lymphomas

Cancers that originate in lymphoid tissue.

Leukemias

Cancers that originate in blood-forming tissues in the red bone marrow.

Isotopes

Atoms of an element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

Covalent bond

A bond formed when atoms share electrons.

Ionic bond

A bond formed when atoms give up and receive electrons.

Electrolytes

Ions in solution.

Hypertonic

more concentrated solution.

Hypotonic

less concentrated solution.

Acids

Substances that act as hydrogen ion donors.

Bases

Substances that accept hydrogen ions.

Metabolism

The total of all the chemical reactions in the body.

Cellular respiration formula

$$C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + \text{Energy}$$

ATP

The molecule that contains the usable form of energy for the cell.

Mitochondria

Organelles that perform cellular respiration and process energy to produce ATP.

Lysosomes

Membrane-bound packages of digestive enzymes.