Unit 5.2: Lipids (Energy-Storage Lipids)

"triglycerides / TAGs"

other name for Triacylglycerols

Triacylglycerols

are lipids which functions as
energy-storage molecules found in adipocytes.

esterification

triacylglycerols is formed from ____________ of 3 FAs to a glycerol molecule.

true

true or false:
glycerol is always the alcohol in forming TAGs

The 3 FAs can all be identical (simple TAGs) or different (mixed TAGs)

The 3 FAs used to form a glycerol molecules can all be identical (________ TAGs) or different (_______ TAGs)

c. both of a and b

which of the following is/are naturally-occurring TAGs?
a. fats
b. oils
c. both of a and b
d. none of the above

true

true or false:
In their pure form, both fats and oils are colorless, odorless, and tasteless.

Fats

is a triacylglycerol mixture that is a solid or a semi-solid at room temperature (25°C). Mainly obtained from animal sources.

Oil

is a triacylglycerol mixture that is a liquid at room temperature (25°C). Mainly obtained from plants and fish sources.

Type and amount of dietary fats is
an important determinant of the
how the body will respond to
dietary fat intake.

true or false:
Type and amount of dietary fats does not affect how the body will respond to
dietary fat intake.

15% - MUFA
10 % - PUFA
<10% - SFA

Current recommendation of dietary fat are as follows:
___% - MUFA
___ % - PUFA
___% - SFA

MUFA

good fat

PUFA

bad/good fat

SFA

bad fat

Essential fatty acid

is a FA needed by humans but is not synthesized and
must be taken from dietary sources

linoleic acid

is the primary member of the omega-6 and acts
as a precursor for the synthesis of arachidonic acid

arachidonic acid

is a precursor for eicosanoids (prostaglandins,
leukotrienes, thromboxanes), the body's signaling molecules

Linolenic acid is the precursor for the synthesis of eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA), both of
which are essential for brain development.

Linolenic acid is the precursor for the synthesis of ___________ ______ and ___________ _____, both of which are essential for brain development.

Hydrolysis

is the reaction to break down the TAGs into glycerol and its
constituent fatty acids

Hydrolysis

is the reverse process of esterification

Acidic hydrolysis

results to complete cleavage of glycerol and FA molecules.

Enzymatic hydrolysis

results to partial cleavage of glycerol and FA molecules with at least one of the fatty acid remains attached to the glycerol moiety.

Basic hydrolysis or saponification

is the cleavage of TAGs resulting to the
formation of fatty acid salts.

false
*step 1

true or false:
The step 2 of saponification is to Hydrolyze ester linkages to produce glycerol and FAs.

true

true or false:
Acid-Base reaction between FAs and NaOH to produce salt and
water is the step 2 of saponification

Fat or oil + 3 H2O —> 3 fatty acids + glycerol

chemical reaction of step 1 of basic hydrolysis

3 fatty acids + 3 NaOH —> 3 fatty acid salts + 3 H2O

chemical reaction of step 2 of basic hydrolysis

Reduction / Hydrogenation

is the addition of H2 to double bond in order to increase the degree of saturation in the product

Oxidation

is when the FA residues of a TAG reacts with O2 from the air
causing the double-bonds to break forming aldehyde and carboxylic acid
products.

false
*unacceptable

true or false:
The resulting products of oxidation usually have acceptable odors

rancid

The resulting products of have unacceptable odors and are called to have become ______.

antioxidants

Food with fats/oils are prepared with ___________

Vit. C and E (natural),
BHA and BHT (synthetic).

what are the antioxidants used when preparing food with fats/oils

presence of double bonds

is responsible for the degradation of
fatty acids, it is a priority to remove them especially in the food industry.

false
*the reduction process itself may convert cis- double bond to
trans- double bond which results now to trans fat.

true or false:
the reduction process itself may convert trans- double bond to
cid- double bond which results now to cis fat.

true

true or false:
LDL has more cholesterol and triacylglycerols in its structure compared
to HDL

liver; arteries

LDL leaves the _____, deposits cholesterol into the ________

HDL

regulates LDL storage and promotes excretion of cholesterol.