11.1 POLITICAL CHALLENGES AND CHANGES

Devolution

The process where states face pressures that can destabilize them, leading to loss of unity.

Dissolution of Yugoslavia

An example of devolution leading to fragmentation into independent states in the 1990s.

Physical Geography

Distance from the center of power can challenge governance, as exemplified by the Philippines' fragmented islands.

Ethnic Separatism

When groups identify more with their ethnicity than the state and push for autonomy.

Basque Country

Region in Spain where the ETA group advocated for independence based on cultural identity.

Economic Disparities

Regional economic divisions that fuel demands for more control over local resources.

Catalonia

A region in Spain seeking independence due to its strong economy and contributions to Spain's GDP.

Irredentism

Territorial claims based on ethnic or cultural similarities, as exemplified by Russia's annexation of Crimea.

Technological Impact

Advances in technology that enable better organization for separatist movements, complicating state control.

Responses to Devolution

Actions taken by states, such as decentralizing power or granting autonomy to manage regional demands.

Quebec

A province in Canada granted significant autonomy and cultural recognition to address separatist sentiments.

Sudan's Split

A violent civil war during Sudan's division into Sudan and South Sudan in 2011, highlighting unresolved tensions.