Exam 4

how does erythropoietin work?

Negative feedback mechanism that keeps RBCs constant

Polycthemia

Increase in RBCs

Causes slow, viscous blood and oxygen deficiency

What vitamin is needed for RBC production?

B12

what hormones stimulate WBC production?

Interlukins

Colony Stimulating Factors

Granulocytes life span

Short (roughly 12 hours)

Eosinophils are involved in what?

Allergic reactions

parasites

What do basophils do?

Secrete histamin and heparine to PROMOTE inflammation

What are the largest circulating blood cells?

Monocytes

Monocyte nuclei are…

variably shaped

What do monocytes do?

Migrate to tissues 

what kind of nucleus do lymphocytes have?

large and round

What are the types of Lymphocytes?

B Cells

T Cells

NK (natural killer) Cells

How do platelets develop?

Hormone Thrombopoetin stimulates stem cells to form megakaryoctes which become platelets

What is the lifespan of platelets?

10 days

Thrombocytosis

high platelet count

Causes of thrombocytosis

genetic defect

infection

What danger is associated with thrombocytopenia?

Internal bleeding

Plasma functions

Transportation

fluid & electrolyte balance

pH balance

Three types of plasma proteins

Fibrogens

Albumins

Globlulins

What is the most abundant dissolved substances in the plasma?

plasma proteins

what are amino acids from?

Breakdown of proteins

A- can get blood from who?

A-

O-

A+ can get blood from who?

A+

A-

O+

O-

B- can get blood from who?

B-

O-

B+ can get blood from who?

B+

B-

O+

O-

AB- can get blood from who?

A-

B-

O-

AB-

AB+ can get blood from who?

Everyone

O- can get blood from who?

O-

O+ can get blood from who?

O+

O-

In what situation is there a risk of erythroblastosis fetalis occurring?

Rh- mom carrying an Rh+ fetus

What is the role of Thrombin?

converts fibrinogen to fibrin

What is the role of Plasmin?

Breaks down Fibrin and dissolves clots

Hematocrit

The percent of RBCs in the blood

High hematocrit

dehydration/excess production of RBCs

Low hematocrit

Anemia/nutritional deficiencies

Hemoglobin is…

a protein

What does hemoglobin do

Carries oxygen

Erythropoietin

Hormone released from kidney and liver in response to low oxygen levels

How does eryhtropoietin work?

Negative feedback mechanism

Keeps RBCs constant

Anemia is dangerous because it…

reduces oxygen carrying capacity of blood

Macrophages are located…

liver and spleen

macrophages do what?

phagocytize (damaged RBCs)

Hematopic Cells

Stem cells in red bone marrow

Nucleus of neutrophil

2-5 lobes

what do basophils do?

secrete heparin and histamine to promote inflammation

Which two types of WBCs act as phagocytes?

Neutrophils and Monocytes

Which type of WBC migrates to tissues?

Monocytes

Types of lymphocytes

B cells

T cells

NK cells

Platelet development

Thrombopoietin stimulates stem cells to form megakaryocytes which become platelets

Thrombocytosis

High platelet count

Thrombocytosis causes

genetic defects

infections

Thrombocytopenia

Low platelet count

Functions of plasma

transportation

fluid and electrolyte balance

pH balance

leukocytosis

excess WBCs

leukopenia

low WBCs

Differential White Blood Cell Count

The percentage of the five types of WBCs in a sample. Helps diagnose illness.Re

Reticulocyte

Immature RBCs circulating in bloodstream

Hemocytoblasts form what two types of cells

Myeloid

Lymphoid

Plasmin

Breaks down clots and dissolves fibrin

What are the granules of WBCs?

vesicles containing enzymes for specific pathogens

The visceral pericardium is AKA

Epicardium

Where are the Purkinje Fibers located?

Endocardium

What is another name for the Mitral valve?

Bicuspid 

Functional Synctium

A mass of merging cells that function a a unit

Where are the cells that initiate the stimulus for contraction of the heart muscles located?

Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)

Atrial depolarization is represented by what in an EKG?

P Wave

what vessels participates directly  in the exchange of substances between the cell and the blood?

capillary

What is the maximum pressure in the artery, occuring during ventricular contraction called?

Systolic Pressure

Vasoconstriction happens when…

the smooth muscle of the artery contracts

Precapillary Sphincters

Regulates the amount of blood that flows into capillaries

What three transport mechanisms are used by  the capillaries?

Osmosis

Diffusion
Filtration

How is the middle layer of the walls of veins different from the middle layer of the walls of arteries?

Less smooth muscle

Stroke Volume

The amount of blood pushed out of the ventricle with each contraction

Four factors that influence blood pressure

Heart Action

Blood Volume

Peripheral Resistance

Viscosity

how is peripheral resistance maintained?

increasing or decreasing the size of arterioles

What coordinates the events of the cardiac cycle?

The Cardiac Conduction System

What part of the conducting system of the heart conducts impulses quickly?

AV Bundle and Purkinje Fibers