Psych 101 Exam 2

Circadian Cycle/Rhythm

1. Daily cycle of wakefulness and sleep

Stage 1 Sleep

1. Theta Waves (4-7 cps)

2. Flaccid Paralysis

3. Falling Sensation

Stage 2 Sleep

1. Theta Waves

2. Sleep Spindle (15 cps)

3. Sleep Talking

Stage 3 Sleep

1. Delta Waves (3 cps and lower)

Stage 4 Sleep

1. Delta Waves (3 cps and lower)

2. Night Terrors

3. Sleep Walking

REM Sleep

1. Dreams

2. Rapid Eye Movement

NREM Sleep

1. Any stage of sleep (1-4)

2. Does not include REM sleep

Sleep Apnea

1. Lack of breathing during sleep

2. Causes you to wake up regularly resulting in very little deep sleep

3. Can be caused by obesity, neurology, or genetics

4. Fixed with a CPAP machine which blows air into your nose at all times

Insomnia

1. Lack of sleep

2. Caused by stress, anxiety, too much caffeine, alcohol or sleeping pills, and schedule changes

Narcolepsy

1. Neurological problem that causes people to fall asleep randomly

2. Goes directly into REM sleep

Manifest Content

1. Sigmund Freud’s sleep theory

2. The actual story of the dream

Latent Content

1. Sigmund Freud’s sleep theory

2. The hidden meaning behind the dream

Sigmund Freud’s Sleep Theory

1. Dreams are used to let out unacceptable emotions and feelings

2. Dreams have hidden meanings that show these feelings

3. Physical signs of sexual arousal during REM sleep slightly supports this theory

Information Processing Theory

1. Dreams help us review and remember events of the day

2. The people you were with and the places you were at are more likely to appear in dreams

3. Supported by studies that show REM sleep (dreaming) helps with memory

Delta Waves

1. 3 cps and lower

2. Occur during stage 3 and stage 4 sleep

Alpha Waves

1. 8 to 12 cps

2. Occurs while awake but relaxed and with an empty mind

Theta Waves

1. 4 to 7 cps

2. Occurs during stage 1 and 2 sleep

3. Contains sleep spindles (15 cps bursts) and K complexes (brain reacting to sound but staying asleep) when in stage 2

Night Terrors

1. Very fast heart and breathing rate

2. Occurs during stage 4 sleep not REM

Classical Conditioning

1. Ivan Pavlov

2. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

3. Unconditioned Response (UCR)

4. Neutral Stimulus

5. Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

6. Conditioned Response (CR)

7. Extinction

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

1. Naturally triggers a response

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

1. The natural reaction to an unconditioned stimulus

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

1. A normally neutral stimulus that has been paired with a natural unconditioned stimulus so that it now causes the same response

Neutral Stimulus

1. A stimulus that does not cause a reaction

2. Becomes a conditioned stimulus when paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Conditioned Response (CR)

1. A natural response being triggered by an unnatural conditioned stimulus

Extinction (Classical Conditioning)

1. Occurs when the unconditioned stimuli and conditioned stimuli are no longer paired together

2. The conditioned stimuli stops causing a conditioned response

Operant Conditioning

1. Edward Thorndike and Skinner

2. Law of Effect

3. Reinforcement

4. Punishment

5. Extinction

Law of Effect

1. Positive results make an individual more likely to perform that action again

2. Negative results make an individual less likely to perform that action again

Positive Reinforcement

1. When a behavior is followed by a good stimulus

2. Getting money for completing a job

Negative Reinforcement

1. When a behavior is followed by removal of a bad stimulus

2. Taking headache medicine getting rid of a headache

Positive Punishment

1. When a behavior is followed by a negative stimulus

2. Being bit by a dog after petting it

3. Generally considered cruel and should be avoided

   1. Models aggression and violence

   2. The pain of the punishment may be associated with an object, place, or a person

4. If you must use positive punishment, combine it with a positive reinforcement to redirect

Negative Punishment

1. When a behavior is followed by removal of a positive stimulus

2. Parents taking away a console for bad grades

3. Should also be combined with positive reinforcement toward an incompatible behavior, such as rewards for going to bed on time when trying to negatively punish staying up too late.

Extinction (Operant Conditioning)

1. Relationship between behavior and punishment/reinforcement goes away after enough time has passed without them happening together

Schedules of Reinforcement

1. Pattern of reinforcement received

2. Fixed Ratio

3. Variable Ratio

4. Fixed Interval

5. Variable Interval

Fixed Ratio Reinforcement

1. Reinforcement is given after a specific amount of times the behavior is repeated

2. Results in behavior being repeated very quickly

3. Being paid by the amount of work completed

Variable Ratio Reinforcement

1. Reinforcement is given after an unpredictable amount of times the behavior is repeated

2. Behavior is repeated quickly and may be difficult to stop because next time could be when reinforcement is received

3. Gambling

Fixed Interval Reinforcement

1. Reinforced after a specific amount of time has passed

2. Causes behavior to be repeated after the amount of time has passed

3. Jobs that pay weekly/bi-weekly

Variable Interval Reinforcement

1. Reinforced after an unknown amount of time has passed

2. Behavior is repeated consistently but not fast

3. Reading over class notes to prepare for a pop quiz

Sensory memory

1. Relates to the senses

2. Unlimited capacity

3. Very short (Less than a second)

4. Iconic Memory

5. Echoic Memory

Iconic Memory

1. Visual sensory memory

2. Lasts less than a second

Echoic Memory

1. Auditory sensory memory

2. Lasts 3 to 4 seconds

Short-Term Memory / Working Memory

1. Contains info being used currently

2. 5-9 chunk capacity

3. Must be encoded from sensory memory

Chunking

1. Organizing info into larger units

Encoding

1. How sensory memory is converted into short-term memory

2. Organizes information into meaningful units and leaves out useless information

Long-Term Memory

1. Knowledge stored for later use

2. Unlimited Capacity

3. Lasts for as long as you want

Maintenance Rehearsal

1. Repeating the information without really processing what it means

Elaborative Rehearsal

1. Associating information with personal experiences

2. More effective than maintenance rehearsal

Recency Effect

1. Last item is remembered best when asked right after

Primacy Effect

1. First item is remembered best when asked after 15-25 seconds

Amnesia

1. Loss of memory

2. Retrograde

3. Anterograde

Retrograde Amnesia

1. Unable to remember information before a specific time

Anterograde Amnesia

1. Inability to form new memories after a specific time

2. Caused by damage to the hippocampus

Long Term Memory

1. Declarative Memory

2. Non-Declarative Memory

Declarative Memory

1. Semantic and Episodic information

2. Conscious

Semantic Memory

1. Information about categories of things

Episodic Memory

1. Memories about events that have happened to us

Non-Declarative Memory

1. Non-conscious

2. Mental Associations (Perceptions, Thoughts, Emotions)

3. Procedural Memory (Skills)

Procedural Memory

1. Memory relating to physical skills and procedures

2. Muscle memory

Retrieval

1. Process by which long-term memory is remembered

2. Recall

3. Recognition

Storage

1. Converting short-term memory into long-term memory