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Political decision-making
Activities associated with controlling public decisions among a people and within a territory.
Political Systems
Social systems that can make authoritative public decisions and have interdependent parts.
Public Sphere
Deals with collective decisions that extend beyond the individual and involve government action.
State of nature
Concept by Thomas Hobbes describing a pessimistic existence where every man is for himself.
Public goods
Commodity or service provided without profit to all members of society.
Libertarians
Those who seek to maximize autonomy and political freedom with minimal government interference.
GDP
Gross Domestic Product; the total value of final goods and services produced within a country's borders.
GNP
Gross National Product; the total value of goods and services produced by a country's residents, regardless of location.
Nation-state
A form of political organization where a homogeneous group inhabits a sovereign state.
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
Economic theory comparing relative values of currencies through the cost of a basket of goods.
HDI
Human Development Index; a measure indicating a nation's well-being based on education, economy, and life expectancy.
GINI Index
Measures income inequality within a population, ranging from 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (perfect inequality).
Collective goods
Resources provided by the government or community that are non-excludable and non-rivalrous.
Sovereignty
A state's authority to govern itself without outside interference.
Three Waves of Democracy
Historical periods when countries transitioned to democratic forms of government.
National Identity
A sense of belonging to a nation and belief in its political aspirations.
Religious Fundamentalism
Strict adherence to specific theological doctrines in opposition to modernism.
Civil liberties
Fundamental rights and freedoms guaranteed to individuals as protection from government.
Civil rights
Protections and privileges given to all citizens by law, ensuring equal treatment.
Political efficacy
The belief that political participation makes a difference, encompassing internal and external efficacy.
Federal System
A political system dividing power between central and regional governments.
Confederal System
A system where regional governments hold more power than the central government.
Unitary System
A political system where the central government holds all legal power.
Decentralization
The transfer of administrative powers from the central government to local authorities.
Devolution
Specific decentralization where central government grants powers to local governments.
Developing countries
Nations with lower industrialization, lower living standards, and lower HDI scores.
Industrialized countries
Nations with advanced technological infrastructure and higher standards of living.
Parliamentary system
Form of government where the executive derives legitimacy from the legislature.
Functions of political systems
Maintaining order, providing public services, and protecting citizens' rights and liberties.
Communism
Political and economic ideology advocating for a classless society with communal ownership of resources.
Outputs
Decisions and actions taken by the government in response to public demands.
Liberal Democracy
Political system marked by free elections, rule of law, and protection of civil liberties.
Legitimacy
The general belief that a government has the right to rule.
Adjudication
Judging disputes between individuals.
Large N studies
Research using many cases or observations to identify patterns and test theories.
Political theories
Frameworks for understanding political phenomena and the roles of governments.
Dependent Variable
The outcome researchers try to explain or predict in a study.
Independent Variable
The factor manipulated by researchers to observe its effect on the dependent variable.
Political Socialization
How individuals acquire political beliefs, values, and behaviors.
Political recruitment
The process of selecting individuals for political roles or offices.
Aristotle's Politics
The principle that proper form ensures the good of the people, while perversion benefits the government.
Dissidents
Individuals or groups challenging and opposing government policies or actions.
Political Development
Processes through which a political system evolves and becomes more complex.
Political Participation
How citizens engage with the political process and influence government actions.
Political Chasm
A significant divide between different social groups, often leading to polarization.
La Mordida
A colloquial term for bribery or corruption in Mexico.
Class Conflict
Tensions between different social classes over economic interests and resources.
Twelver Shiism
The largest branch of Shia Islam, believing in twelve imams as successors to Muhammad.
Authoritarianism
A political system characterized by concentration of power and limited political pluralism.
Working together
A concept in corporatism where interest groups cooperate with the government.
Cultural Revolution (China)
A social-political movement aimed at enforcing communism by removing traditional elements.
Economic Reforms (China)
Policies initiated to transition China to a market-oriented economy.
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement aimed at economic integration among the US, Canada, and Mexico.
