Urinary and Reproductive Systems

Chapters 27 + 28

What is the main difference between the male urinary system and the female urinary system?

the male has a longer urethra than the female

What is the kidney composed of?

an outer renal cortex and an inner renal medulla

What are extensions of the renal cortex tjat project through the renal medulla and form renal pyramids?

renal columns

What is the area where the wide base of the renal pyramids and cortex come in contact?

corticomedullary junction

What is the apex or tip of the renal pyramid?

renal papilla

What structure includes the renal cortex, the renal pyramid, the renal columns, the renal papilla, and the minor calyx?

renal lobe

What is a funnel-shaped structure that each renal papilla projects into?

minor calyx

What do minor calyces fuse to form?

major calyx

What do all of the major calyces fuse to form?

renal pelvis

The renal pelvis collects all of the urine from the kidney and transports it where?

ureter

What is the order of branching of the blood supply to each kidney, ending with the glomerulus?

renal artery, segmental artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, interlobular artery, afferent arterioles, glomerular capsule, glomerulus

Where does the filtration of blood in the kidney occur?

glomerulus

What does the glomerulus become that exit the glomerular capsule?

efferent arterioles

What do efferent arterioles form, which surround what? What’s the second thing they form?

form peritubular capillaries, surround proximal and distal convoluted tubes; form the vasa recta, surrounds the nephron loop

The two capillary beds, glomerulus and peritubular-vasa rectus combincation, are joined by the efferent arteriole, forming a what?

arteriole portal system

What is the order of merging of the venous system in the kidney?

peritubular capillaries and the vasa rects, interlobular vein, arcuate vein, interlobar vein, renal vein, inferior vena cava

How does the peritubular vein and the vasa recta drain into the interlobular vein (smallest of the veins)?

postcapillary venules

What is the functional filtration unit of the kidney?

nephron

What is the type of nephron where the bulk of the nephron is located in the cortex?

cortical nephron

What is the type of nephron that have their renal corpuscle near the coricomedullary junction and their nephron loop passed deep into the medulla?

juxtamedullary nephron

What does the ascending loop become, which is found in the cortex?

distal convoluted tubule

What does the descending loop become?

collecting tubule

What do many collecting tubules drain into in the cortex?

collecting duct

From the renal papilla, how does urine flow?

minor calyx, major calyx, renal pyramid, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

What type of capillary is the glomerulus comprised of?

fenestrated capillaries

What are the three different processes that occur to the tubular fluid in the nephron before it is considered urine?

filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secertion

During filtration, because the afferent arteriole is much larger in diameter than the efferent arteriole, how is the blood pressure in the glomerulus?

very high

During filtration, the unregulated tubular fluid is collected from the renal capsule in what?

proxinal convoluted tubule

What is the term for when the body takes something back into the body that was removed inadvertently and is now returned to the body?

reabsorption

What is the renal corpuscle made of?

glomerulus, glomerular capsule

What is a thick tangle of fenestrated capillaries?

glomerulus

What is an epithelial capsule that surrounds the glomerulus?

glomerulus capsule

What does the renal corpuscle have where the afferent arteriole enters and becomes the glomerulus, and where the efferent arteriole exits?

vascular pole

What is the other pole where the proximal convoluted tubuke begins the tubular system?

tubular pole

What layer of the glomerulus comes into direct contact with the fenestrated capillaries of the glomerulus?

visceral layer

What specialized cells is the visceral layer of the glomerulus made up of?

podocytes

What long projection does each podocyte have, that wrap around the capillaries, covering the openings and helping to dampen the force that the filtrate creates when it exits the capillary beds?

pedicles

What spin space are pedicles separated by, that are thin spaces that allow filtrate to flow into the space between the capillaries and the capsule?

filtration slits

What do the filtration slits and the fenestrated capillary wall of the glomerulus make up?

filtration membrane

What is the layer of the glomerulus that is made up of simple squamous epithelium and lines the inside of the capsule?

parietal layer

What tissue is the parietal layer of the glomerulus made up of?

simple squamous epithelium

Where does the proximal convoluted tubule begins at?

tubular pole of the glomerulus

What are the walls of the tubular pole of the glomerulus made of up?

simple cuboidal epithelium

If glucose, which is frely filters, is not totally reabsorbed, it appears in the urine. What is this an indication of?

diabetes

Where does the proximal convoluted tubule terminate in?

nephron loop

What is the nephron loop comprised of?

descending limb, ascending limb

What part of the nephron loop leaves the cortex and enters the medulla?

descending limb

What part of the nephron loop leaves the medulla and reenters the cortex?

ascending limb

What does the ascending limb terminate in?

distal convoluted tubule in the renal cortex

What hormones do the proximal convoluted tubule respond to?

anti-diuretic hormone, aldosterone

What does the distal convoluted tubule terminate in?

collecting tubule

What is the area comprised of the distal convoluted tubule and the afferent and efferent arterioles?

juxtaglomerular apparatus

What cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus are modified smooth cells located in the afferent arteriole in the area of the vascular pole?

juxtaglomerular cells

What cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus are modified epithelial cells that contact the juxtaglomerular cells and cause them to release the protein renin that is the initiator of a chain of reactions that lead to an increase in blood pressure?

macula densa cells

What are the three structures that the urinary tract is composed of?

ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

What are the pair of tubes that conduct the urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder?

ureter

What sotres urine until the time to void?

urinary bladder

What is the final tube in the system that transports urine from the urinary bladder to the external environment?

urethra

What is the main purpose of the urinary bladder?

to store urine

What is the triangle formed by the ureters and the urethra?

trigone

What smooth muscle is foudn in the wall of the urinary bladder?

detrusor muscle

What is the smooth muscle sphincter at the union of the bladder and the urethra?

internal urethral sphincter

What skeletal muscle sphincter is found in the urogenital diaphragm, surrounding the urethra?

external urethral sphincter

In the female, what makes their urethra the possible reason women suffer more from urinary tract infections than men?

very short

What are the three parts of the male urethra?

prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy urethra

What part of the male urethra leaves the bladder and travels through the prostate gland of the male?

prostatic urethra

What part of the male urethra is found in the urogenital diaphragm?

membranous urethra

What part of the male urethra travels the length of the male penis?

spongy urethra

What opening does the urethra terminate at?

external urethral orifice

What is the general term for the sex organs?

gonads

What is the female gonad? Is it internal or external?

ovaries, internal

What is the male gonad? Is it internal or external?

testes, external

What is the general term for sex cells?

gametes

What type of cell are gametes?

haploid cells

What cell do female ovaries produce?

oocytes

What cell do male testes produce?

sperm

What is the diamond-shaped region that begins with the pubic symphasis, extending to the two ischial tuberosities and concluding at the coccyx?

perineum

What is the anterior triangle of the perineum, containinf the orifices for the urethra and the vagina in the female AND the base of the penis and the scrotum in the male?

urogential triangle

What is the posterior triangle of the perineum, containing both the aus and the external anal sphincter in both genders?

anal triangle

What is the female primary sex organs?

pair of ovaries

What ligament covers the ovaries, the uterues, and just about everything?

broad ligament

What ligament attaches the ovary direcrly to the uterus and prevents the ovary from wandering?

ovarian ligament

What ligament holds the uterine tube up and suspends it, keeping everthing from collapsing?

suspensory ligament

In the female, what extends from the lateral wall of the uterus and approaches the ovary?

uterine tubes

What is the fingerlike structure that ends the uterine tubes in the lateral/superior end?

fimbriae

After ovulation, the fimbriae create a current to draw the oocyte into the what of the uterine tube?

infundibulum

What is medial to the infundibulum and is where fertilization ideally occurs?

ampulla

What comes after the ampulla in the uterine tubes, which continues to the outer wall of the uterus?

isthmus

What is the last section of the uterine tubes, part of which the tube passes through the thick uterine wall?

uterine

What layer of the uterine tube is the internal layer made up of ciliated columnar epithelium?

mucosa

What is the mucosa layer made of?

ciliated columnar epithelium

What is the layer of the uterine tube that is comprised of an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle?

muscularis

What tissue type is the muscularis layer of the uterine tube made of?

smooth muscle

What is the outer layer of the uterine tube that indicates that the uterine tube is intraperitoneal?

serosa

What is the pear-shaped organ, comprised of a thick layer of smooth muscle?

uterus

What connects with the uterine tubes superiorly/laterally and with the vagina inferiorly?

lumen

What region of the uterus is superior to the entrances of the uterine tubes?

fundus

What region of the uterus is the majority of the uterus, from the fundus to the narrowing part?

body

What is the area of the uterus that is inferior to the body, where the uterus starts to narrow?

isthmus

What is the region of the uterus that is a narrow-neck like area, where the uterus joins the vagina?

cervix