APEURO UNIT 3 The Dutch Golden Age

Productive Classes

The segments of society engaged in manufacturing, commerce, and agriculture that contribute significantly to economic wealth and growth during the Dutch Golden Age.

Dutch Golden Age

A period of great economic, cultural, and artistic prosperity in the Netherlands during the 17th century, characterized by advancements in trade, science, and the arts.

Eighty Years War

The conflict between the Spanish Empire and the Dutch Republic that lasted from 1568 to 1648, leading to the independence of the Dutch Republic.

States General

The federal governing body of the Dutch Republic, with representatives from the various provinces; had far less power than the Estates; mostly handled foreign policy and war

Holland

A region in the Dutch Republic which played a central role in trade and economic prosperity during the Dutch Golden Age; contributed the most to Dutch overall finances; commercially-oriented and favored peace over war

Zeeland

A province in the Dutch Republic known for its maritime trade and significant contributions to the Dutch fleet during the Golden Age, particularly in shipping and fisheries; pro-war

Baruch Spinoza

A Dutch philosopher of the 17th century; denied the immortality of the soul and did not believe in a transcendent deity; was able to publish his work in the Netherlands due to less censorship

Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge

A Dutch naval officer and politician known for his role in the naval battles against Spain and for advocating Dutch maritime interests during the Eighty Years' War; advocated for Dutch maritime trade

Discourse on the State and Trade of the Indies

A significant work by Matelieff de Jonge that analyzes the economic and political implications of colonial trade in the Indies, emphasizing the importance of commerce to Dutch prosperity.

Van der Heyden

A prominent Dutch painter and architect known for his detailed cityscapes, particularly of Amsterdam, and for pioneering perspectives in urban art; painted common people

Johannes Vermeer

A renowned Dutch painter from the Golden Age, famous for his masterful use of light, color, and composition in genre scenes, such as "Girl with a Pearl Earring"; painting featured maps and globes

Navigation Act

a series of laws enacted by the English Parliament that mandated the use of English ships for any goods using English ports

Anglo-Dutch Wars

A series of conflicts between England and the Dutch Republic during the 17th century, primarily over trade routes and colonial dominance; for the most part, the Dutch prevailed, even getting relaxation on the Navigation Acts, with the exception of the Treaty of Breda

Treaty of Breda

Treaty signed in 1667 that ended the Second Anglo-Dutch War, resulting in England gaining permanent control of New Amsterdam (New York)

Johan and Cornelis de Witt

Key political leaders of the Dutch Republic during the 17th century, known for their influence in the governance and defense of the republic, as well as their opposition to the Anglo-Dutch Wars; brutally killed by an angry mob believing that they were preventing the rise of William of Orange to stadtholder for life

Estate

A provincial assembly that was assigned to every province in the Dutch Republic; ruled by an oligarchy; appointed a stadholder for the province

oligarchy

A form of power structure in which power resides in the hands of a small number of people or a specific class. In the context of the Dutch Republic, it refers to a system where a few wealthy elites controlled governance; each Estate was run by one of these.

Stadholder

The chief executive officer of each province in the Dutch Republic, elected by an oligarchy, often acting as a military leader and representing the interests of the local government and the Estates.