Bio Exam 1

Atoms

Subatomic particles that consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Protons

positive atom located within nucleus

Neutrons

neutral atom located within the necleus

electrons

negative atom located outside the nucelus

atomic number

number of protons, unique to each element

atomic weight/mass

number of protons + number of neutronsi

ions

atoms with a charge

isotopes

variation of neutrons and therefore atomic masses

molecules

atoms in chemical bonds

ionic bond

electrons exchanged, opposites attached to balance

covalent bonds

polar/non polar sharing of electrons

polar covalent bond

unequal sharing of electrons results in a partial charge. (one atom pulls E closer to itself)

nonpolar covalent bond

even sharing, no charge

hydrogen bonds

weak bonds with polar covalent bonds due to partial charges

water

needed for life

universal solvent

key prop of water

adhesive

key prop of water

cohesive

key prop of water

high surface tension

key prop of water

high specific heat

key prop of water

less dense as solid

key prop of water

macromolecules of life

used by or compose ALL cells

elements of lipids and fats

C, H, O

monomers of l & f

fatty acids & glycerol

polymers of l & p

fats, oils, waxes

common role of l & f

cellular membrane (phospholipid bilayer) and energy

elements of carbohydrates

C, H, O

roles of carbohydrates

energy, energy storage, and structurem

monomers of carbohydrates

monosaccharides (ex glucose)

polymers of carbohydrates

polysaccharides ( ex glycogen)

elements of proteins

C, H, O, + N

monomers of proteins

amino acids

polymers of proteins

actual protein chaIns, polypeptide aa chain

common roles of proteins

enzymes, hormones, structure, transport, everything life needs

elements of nucleic acids

C, H, O, N, + P

monomers of nucleic acids

nucleotides: A, T, G, C, + U

polymers of nucleic acids

DNA, RNA

common roles of nucleic acids

storage and transfer of genetic information, energy for cells via ATPS

life

all living things are made of cells

cells

base unit of life

viruses

not alive, cannot self replicate

cell classifications

prokaryote or eukaryote

prokaryote

“before nucleus” bacteria and archaea

cyanobacteria

photosynthetic bacteria

came first evolutionarily (L.U.C.A)

prokaryote cell characteristics

VERY small

prokaryote cell characteristics

no nucleus

prokaryote cell characteristics

peptidoglycan cell wall

prokaryote cell characteristics

has cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes, and uses/has 4 macromolecuels

prokaryote cell characteristics

have a nucleus and mitochondria

eukaryote cell characteristics

eukaryote

originated when 2 prok cells experienced endosymbiosis

endosymbiosis

where one cell lives within another

membrane bound organelles

eukaryote cell characteristics

has cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes, and uses/has the 4 macromolecules

eukaryote cell characteristics

lysosomes and cholesterol in plasma membranes

animal eukaryote cell characteristics

contain vacuoles, cell walls, chloroplasts, and plastids

plant eukaryote cell characteristics

plasma membrane

composed of phospholipid bilayer present in all cells

has integral (span membrane) and peripheral (one side) proteins

plasma membrane characteristics

selectively permeable

small hydrophobic (lipid sol) mol pass thorugh

diffusion

materials move from high to low concentration

osmosis

water moves from low to high solute concentration

passive transport

requires no energy to travel with gradient

simple diffusion

passive, moves completely alone through concentration gradient

facilitated diffusion

passive, uses mol to assist in traveling through gradient, but NO energy

active transport

requires energy

enzymes

proteins that assist with chemical reaction

competitive inhibiton

active site of enzyme is blocked by mol

allosteric regulation

mol bonds to enzyme outside active site, which changes the shape and doesn’t allow the enzyme to support the reaction

allosteric activation

inhib bonds to enzyme outside active site, changing shape to allow for chemical reaction to occur

photosynthesis

uses suns energy to make chemical energy (glucose)

what uses photosynthesis

cyanobacteria and eukaryotes with chloroplasts

chlorophyll

main molecule used to absorb energy from sun, absorbs red and blue reflects green

stromata

pores in the epidermis of the leaf to allow for gas/water exchange within plant cells

chloroplast

where photosynth occurss

stroma

liquid interior of chloroplasts

thylakoids

membrane network where light reactions occur

grana

stacks of thylakoids

metabolic pathways that exchange molecules

light reactions and Calvin cycle

light reactions: electron transport chain

series of proteins embedded in the thylakoid membrane that uses energy from electrons and suns energy to set up an electrochemical gradient

light reaction: PS II

occurs first, site of reaction splitting water into H+ and O, E are energized by chlorophyll to enter the electron transport chain, also releases O2 into the atmosphere

light reactions: PS I

occurs second, photons of light are reabsorbed to re-energize electrons, NADP → NADPH, which is a molecular battery used in calvin cycle, H+ passes through ATP synthase, which creates atp passively through facilitated diffusion, moves to calvin cycle

calvin cycle

uses energy carriers charged in light reactions to make glucose from CO2

where does the calvin cycle occur

stroma

CC 1. Fixation

CO2 is bound to RuBP by RuBisCo (enzyme), forming unstable 6 C → 2 3-PGA

CC 2. Reduction

energy from ATP and NADPH converts 3-PGA to G3P, adp and NADP+ return to light react to be re enrgized

CC 3. Regeneration

1 G3P leaves for glucose synthesis; remaining 5 used to regen RuBP with energy from ATP

C4 and CAM photosynthesis

adaptations to dry/hot climates

cellular respiration

converts chemical energy (glucose) into ATP

where does cellular respiration occur

prokaryotes (invented it) and eukaryotes (typically within mitochondria)

aerobic

with oxygen

anaerobic

without oxygen

what kind of cellular respiration produces the most ATPs

aerobic

first stage of cellular respiration

glycolysis

glycolysis fx

in cytoplasm, glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvates. uses 2 ATP

glycolysis products

4 ATP (2 net), 2 NADH, 2 pyruvates

citric acid cycle fx

occurs in mitochondrial matrix in eukaryotes. pyruvates converted to acetyl CoA, producing NADH + releases CO2. acetyl CoA is broken down further powering production of more NADH, FADH2, 1 ATP, and the release of more CO2.

citric acid cycle products

1 ATP, 2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 (per 1 pyruvate)

electron transport chain fx

occurs within mitochondria along plasma membranes. generation of atp.

electron transport chain pathway

NADH carries electrons to chain, breaks into NAD+ and H+. Electrons allow H+ to travel into membrane, setting up an electrochemical gradient. First set of electrons moves down, FADH2 offers more. More H+ is pumped into membrane. At the end, the electrons join with oxygen to create water. THe H+ concentration becomes higher within the cell, and the ATP synthase offers passage to exit. As they exit, ADP and P use them to create ~32 ATP while expending NO energy.

electron transport chain products

FAD, NAD+, ~32/36 ATP per glucose