endocrine system

1) All of the following are true of the nervous system, except that it doesn't
A) respond rapidly to stimuli.
B) respond specifically to stimuli.
C) communicate by the release of neurotransmitters.
D) respond with motor output.
E) function independently of the endocrine system.

E

2) Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be when released into the bloodstream, but when released at synapses.
A) hormones; neurotransmitters
B) neuropeptides; neurotransmitters
C) neurotransmitters; hormones
D) neurotransmitters; neuropeptides
E) neuropeptides; neurohormones

A

3) The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the system in many ways.
A) endocrine
B) cardiovascular
C) body
D) muscular
E) integumentary

A

4) Which of the following statements about the endocrine system is false?
A) It has target cells that are mainly in distant tissues.
B) It affects only cells with appropriate receptors.
C) It releases secretions directly into body fluids.
D) It is regulated by negative feedback mechanisms.
E) It releases hormones, all of which are lipids, directly into the bloodstream.

E

5) are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.
A) Hormones
B) Neuropeptides
C) Neurotransmitters
D) Paracrine factors
E) None of the answers is correct.

A

6) Which of the following is mismatched?
A) direct communication � small solutes travel through gap junctions
B) paracrine communication � molecules released in local area
C) endocrine communication � target cells are directly adjacent to each other
D) autocrine communication � limited to the cell that secretes the chemical signal
E) synaptic communication � uses neurotransmitters that cross synapses

C

7) All target cells
A) have hormone receptors.
B) can respond to chemical signals.
C) secrete hormones.
D) have hormone receptors and can respond to chemical signals.
E) secrete hormones and have hormone receptors.

D

8) Hormones known as "catecholamines" are
A) lipids.
B) peptides.
C) steroids.
D) amino acid derivatives.
E) derivatives of reproductive glands.

D

9) Peptide hormones are
A) composed of amino acids.
B) produced by the adrenal glands.
C) derived from the amino acid tyrosine.
D) lipids.
E) chemically related to cholesterol.

A

10) Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative except
A) epinephrine.
B) norepinephrine.
C) thyroid hormone.
D) thyroid-stimulating hormone.
E) melatonin.

D

11) Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include all of the following except
A) peptides.
B) steroids.
C) eicosanoids.
D) amino acid derivatives.
E) carbohydrates.

E

12) Hormonal actions on cells can affect all of the following except
A) increase levels of cAMP.
B) decrease levels of calcium ions.
C) increase ATP production.
D) decrease gene transcription.
E) decrease hormone release through negative feedback.

B

13) Extracellular membrane receptors are used by all of the following types of hormones except
A) catecholamines.
B) peptide hormones.
C) leukotrienes.
D) steroid hormones.
E) prostaglandins.

D

14) Steroid hormones
A) are proteins.
B) cannot diffuse through cell membranes.
C) bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.
D) remain in circulation for relatively short periods of time.
E) are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma.

C

15) When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the
A) hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm.
B) cell membrane becomes depolarized.
C) second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.
D) cell becomes inactive.
E) hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA.

C

16) The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually
A) cAMP.
B) cGMP.
C) ATP.
D) a G protein.
E) calcium ion levels.

D

17) When a G protein becomes activated and causes an activation of enzymes,
A) ATP is consumed.
B) cAMP is formed.
C) cAMP is broken down.
D) ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed.
E) None of the answers is correct.

D

18) Which of the following substances acts as a second messenger?
A) insulin
B) ACTH
C) epinephrine
D) cyclic AMP
E) TSH

D

19) All of the following are true of steroid hormones except that they
A) are produced by the adrenal medulla.
B) are derived from cholesterol.
C) are produced by reproductive glands.
D) bind to receptors within the cell.
E) are lipids.

A

20) Cells can respond to hormone(s) at a time.
A) only one
B) one or two
C) two
D) several

D

21) An activated G protein can trigger all of the following except
A) the opening of calcium ion channels in the membrane.
B) the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores.
C) a fall in cAMP levels.
D) a rise in cAMP levels.
E) an increase ATP production.

E

22) Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein
A) calcitonin.
B) calcitriol.
C) calmodulin.
D) calcium-binding globulin.
E) calcitropin.

C

23) After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex,
A) adenylyl cyclase is activated.
B) cAMP is formed.
C) G proteins are phosphorylated.
D) gene transcription is initiated.
E) ion channels are opened.

D

24) The intracellular protein binds calcium ions. This complex can then activate enzymes.
A) receptor
B) cAMP
C) G protein
D) calmodulin
E) ATP

D

25) Receptors for all of the following hormones are found in the cell membranes of target cells except
A) catecholamines.
B) peptide hormones.
C) steroid hormones.
D) eicosanoids.
E) tryptophan derivatives.

C

26) The most complex endocrine responses that integrate the nervous and endocrine system involve the
A) thyroid gland.
B) pancreas.
C) adrenal glands.
D) hypothalamus.
E) thymus gland.

D

27) Regulatory hormones that control secretion of anterior pituitary hormones are released by neurons at the of the hypothalamus.
A) paraventricular nuclei
B) supra-optic nuclei
C) median eminence
D) infundibulum
E) geniculate bodies

C

28) Neurons of the supra-optic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture
A) CRF and GnRH.
B) TSH and FSH.
C) ADH and OXT.
D) FSH and PRL.
E) GHIH and GHRH.

C

29) The hypophyseal portal system
A) has two capillary plexuses connected by short veins.
B) carries neurosecretions to the anterior lobe of the pituitary.
C) carries ADH and oxytocin.
D) All of the answers are correct.
E) None of the answers is correct.

D

30) The hypothalamus is an important organ in both the and systems.
A) endocrine; nervous
B) cardiovascular; nervous
C) renal; endocrine
D) nervous; renal
E) endocrine; lymphatic

A

31) The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by
A) direct neural stimulation.
B) indirect osmotic control.
C) secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system.
D) altering ion concentrations and pH in the anterior pituitary.
E) gap synaptic junctions.

C

32) Destruction of the supra-optic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which result?
A) loss of ADH secretion
B) loss of GH secretion
C) loss of melatonin secretion
D) loss of emotional response
E) loss of regulatory factor secretion

A

33) Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release all of the following except
A) FSH.
B) TSH.
C) LH.
D) GH.
E) OXT.

E

34) The posterior pituitary gland secretes
A) FSH.
B) TSH.
C) ACTH.
D) ADH.
E) MSH.

D

35) The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is
A) FSH.
B) ADH.
C) TSH.
D) MSH.
E) ACTH.

D

36) Which of the following is released due to sensory input and thus part of a neuroendocrine reflex?
A) FSH
B) OXT
C) TSH
D) corticotropin
E) somatotropin

B

37) The hormone oxytocin does all of the following except
A) promotes uterine contractions.
B) is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands.
C) rises during sexual arousal.
D) peaks at orgasm in both sexes.
E) is responsive to osmoreceptors.

E

38) Growth hormone does all of the following except
A) promote bone growth.
B) promote muscle growth.
C) cause fat accumulation within adipocytes.
D) promote amino acid uptake by cells.

C

39) The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is
A) TSH.
B) ACTH.
C) FSH.
D) LH.
E) GH.

A

40) The pituitary hormone that controls the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex is
A) TSH.
B) ACTH.
C) FSH.
D) LH.
E) GH.

B

41) The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is
A) TSH.
B) ACTH.
C) FSH.
D) LH.
E) GH.

C

42) The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is
A) TSH.
B) ACTH.
C) FSH.
D) LH.
E) GH.

D

43) The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is
A) TSH.
B) ACTH.
C) GH.
D) FSH.
E) PRL

E

44) The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is
A) ACTH.
B) MSH.
C) prolactin.
D) insulin.
E) growth hormone.

E

45) The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is
A) TSH.
B) FSH.
C) OXT.
D) ACTH.
E) ADH.

E

46) Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of
A) ACTH.
B) ADH.
C) OXT.
D) TSH.
E) LH.

B

47) The primary function of ADH is to
A) increase the amount of sodium lost at the kidneys.
B) decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys.
C) decrease blood pressure.
D) increase digestive absorption.
E) delay urination.

B

48) TSH plays a key role in of thyroid hormones.
A) only the inhibition
B) only the production
C) only the release
D) both inhibition and production
E) both production and release

E

49) If the pars intermedia of the pituitary is destroyed, the pituitary would no longer be able to secrete which of the following hormones?
A) TSH
B) ACTH
C) PRL
D) ADH
E) MSH

E

50) The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is/are
A) oxytocin.
B) prolactin.
C) luteinizing hormone.
D) oxytocin and luteinizing hormone.

A

51) After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics which of the following hormones?
A) aldosterone
B) epinephrine
C) renin
D) ADH
E) cortisol

D

52) The testes produce
A) LH.
B) progesterone.
C) testosterone.
D) estrogen.
E) FSH.

C

53) The ovaries secrete when stimulated by FSH.
A) estrogen
B) progesterone
C) testosterone
D) oxytocin
E) gonadotropins

A

54) PRL is to as ACTH is to .
A) prolactin; corticotropin
B) oxytocin; mammotropin
C) gonadotropin; mammotropin
D) oxytocin; cortisol

A

55) The posterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the
A) hypothalamus.
B) infundibulum.
C) median eminence.
D) adenohypophysis.
E) neurohypophysis.

E

56) The anterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the
A) hypothalamus.
B) infundibulum.
C) median eminence.
D) adenohypophysis.
E) neurohypophysis.

D

57) Hormones that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called
A) gonadotropins.
B) releasing hormones.
C) inhibiting hormones.
D) eicosanoids.
E) steroids.

A

58) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is only secreted by the human pars intermedia
A) in old age.
B) in very young children.
C) in times of stress.
D) in healthy adults.
E) when a person is exposed to UV radiation.

B

59) Which of the following organs does not contain target cells for oxytocin?
A) prostate
B) ductus deferens
C) mammary glands
D) uterus
E) heart

E

60) Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called
A) gonadotropins.
B) prostaglandins.
C) hepatic hormones.
D) somatomedins.
E) glucocorticoids.

D

61) The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones?
A) 3
B) 5
C) 7
D) 9
E) 16

D

66) Which of the following is a known effect of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues?
A) increased oxygen consumption
B) increased heart rate
C) increased sensitivity to adrenergic stimulation
D) increased body temperature
E) All of the answers are correct.

E

67) Thyroid hormone contains the element
A) fluorine.
B) chlorine.
C) iron.
D) iodine.
E) zinc.

D

68) All of the following are result of thyroid hormones except
A) elevated rates of oxygen consumption and energy consumption.
B) decreased heart rate and force of contraction.
C) increased sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation.
D) maintenance of normal sensitivity of respiratory centers.
E) stimulation of red blood cell formation.

B

69) The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is
A) somatotropin.
B) thyroxine.
C) calcitonin.
D) parathyroid hormone.
E) glucagon.

B

70) Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the
A) kidneys.
B) heart.
C) thyroid gland.
D) gonads.
E) pituitary gland.

C

71) The C cells of the thyroid gland produce
A) thyroxine.
B) TSH.
C) calcitonin.
D) PTH.
E) triiodothyronine.

C

72) Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place?
A) in lysosomes
B) in rough endoplasmic reticulum
C) in the lumen of the thyroid follicle
D) in pinocytotic vesicles
E) in apical microvilli

C

73) A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is
A) parathyroid hormone.
B) thyroxine.
C) calcitonin.
D) glucagon.
E) oxytocin.

C

74) The two lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the
A) follicle.
B) infundibulum.
C) eminence.
D) isthmus.
E) gap junctions.

D

75) Thyroid hormones are structural derivatives of the amino acid
A) arginine.
B) thymine.
C) tyrosine.
D) alanine.
E) glutamine.

C

76) Increased levels of the hormone will lead to increased levels of calcium ions in the blood.
A) thymosin
B) calcitonin
C) PTH
D) aldosterone
E) cortisol

C

77) The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is
A) insulin.
B) glucagon.
C) growth hormone.
D) parathyroid hormone.
E) thyroid hormone.

D

78) The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that
A) stimulates the formation of white blood cells.
B) increases the level of calcium ions in the blood.
C) increases the level of sodium ions in the blood.
D) increases the level of potassium ions in the blood.
E) increases the level of glucose in the blood.

B

79) Parathyroid hormone does all of the following except
A) stimulate osteoclast activity.
B) inhibit osteoblast activity.
C) build up bone.
D) stimulate the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys.
E) enhance the reabsorption of calcium at the kidneys.

C

80) Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking?
A) thyroid glands; calcitonin
B) parathyroid glands; calcitonin
C) parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone
D) thyroid glands; levothyroxine
E) parathyroid glands; levothyroxine

C

81) The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produces
A) androgens.
B) glucocorticoids.
C) mineralocorticoids.
D) epinephrine.
E) norepinephrine.

A

82) The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex produces
A) androgens.
B) glucocorticoids.
C) mineralocorticoids.
D) epinephrine.
E) norepinephrine.

B

83) The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex produces
A) androgens.
B) glucocorticoids.
C) mineralocorticoids.
D) epinephrine.
E) norepinephrine.

C

84) The adrenal medulla produces
A) androgens.
B) glucocorticoids.
C) mineralocorticoids.
D) epinephrine.
E) corticosteroids.

D

85) A hormone that promotes glucose formation in the liver is
A) aldosterone.
B) erythropoietin.
C) thymosin.
D) cortisol.
E) parathormone.

D

86) A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is
A) cortisol.
B) parathormone.
C) thymosin.
D) somatotropin.
E) aldosterone.

E

87) Cortisol released from the zona fasciculata is converted by the liver to
A) corticosterone.
B) cortisone.
C) corrinoid.
D) calcitonin.
E) coracoid.

B

88) Cells of the adrenal cortex produce
A) epinephrine.
B) norepinephrine.
C) aldosterone.
D) ACTH.
E) angiotensin.

C

89) Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of
A) antidiuretic hormone.
B) calcitonin.
C) aldosterone.
D) cortisone.
E) oxytocin.

C

90) The adrenal medulla produces the hormones
A) epinephrine and androgen.
B) epinephrine and norepinephrine.
C) corticosterone and testosterone.
D) androgens and progesterone.
E) norcortisol and cortisol.

B

91) Which of the following hormones increases and prolongs effects of the sympathetic nervous system?
A) cortisol
B) parathyroid hormone
C) insulin
D) growth hormone
E) epinephrine

E

92) Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex would result in
A) the loss of axillary and pubic hair.
B) increased volume of urine formation.
C) decreased levels of sodium ion in the blood.
D) decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose.
E) increased water retention.

D

93) A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following except
A) the rate of glucose synthesis by the liver.
B) the rate of glycogen formation by the liver.
C) the level of fatty acids in the blood.
D) fatty acid metabolism by muscle cells.
E) ACTH levels.

E

94) Shelly has a hormone-secreting tumor of the adrenal gland. The tumor is causing her to have a deep voice, grow extensive body hair, and stop menstruating. This tumor probably involves cells of the
A) zona glomerulosa.
B) zona fasciculata.
C) zona reticularis.
D) adrenal medulla.
E) pars intermedia.

C

95) The gland sits along the superior border of the kidney.
A) parathyroid
B) thyroid
C) salivary
D) suprarenal
E) pituitary

D

96) The outer layer of the adrenal gland is the
A) follicle.
B) lobe.
C) medulla.
D) cortex.
E) infundibulum.

D

97) The inner portion of the adrenal gland is the
A) follicle.
B) lobe.
C) medulla.
D) cortex.
E) infundibulum.

C

98) The adrenal gland does not produce steroid hormones in
A) the zona glomerulosa.
B) the zona fasciculate.
C) the zona reticularis.
D) the cortex.
E) the medulla.

E

99) The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is
A) cortisol.
B) somatotropin.
C) insulin.
D) glucagon.
E) aldosterone.

C

100) When blood glucose levels fall,
A) insulin is released.
B) glucagon is released.
C) peripheral cells take up more glucose.
D) protein synthesis increases.
E) glucagon is released and protein synthesis increases.

B

101) The beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce which blood sugar.
A) insulin; lowers
B) glucagon; lowers
C) insulin; raises
D) glucagon; raises
E) insulin; has no effect on

A

102) The Pancreatic polypeptide cells (PP cells) of the pancreatic islets produce
A) insulin.
B) glucagon.
C) pancreatic polypeptide.
D) cortisol.
E) GH-IH.

C

103) The exocrine portion of the pancreas produces
A) insulin.
B) glucagon.
C) somatotropin.
D) digestive enzymes.
E) bile.

D

104) All of the following are true regarding the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans), except that they
A) contain four types of endocrine cells.
B) account for only a small percent of all pancreatic cells.
C) produce enzymes that assist in digestion.
D) release their products directly into the intestines.
E) are vital for survival.

D