disready midterms

Disaster

A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or society causing widespread human, material, economic and environmental losses which exceed the ability of affected community to cope using its own resources.

• Earthquakes

• Floods

• Volcanic eruptions

• Landslides

Common natural disasters

Typhoon

is a giant, rotating storm that brings wind, rain, and destruction. Hurricanes and typhoons are both kinds of tropical cyclones. So if you see one coming, watch out! One thing that makes _ like hurricanes—aside from intense weather—is that we give them names.

Earthquake

any sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves through Earth's rocks. Seismic waves are produced when some form of energy stored in Earth's crust is suddenly released, usually when masses of rocks training against one another suddenly fracture and “slip.”

Volcanic Disruption

is the expulsion of gases, rock fragments, and/or molten lava from within the Earth through a vent onto the Earth's surface or into the atmosphere.

landslide

is defined as the movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope. Landslides are a type of "mass wasting," which denotes any down-slope movement of soil and rock under the direct influence of gravity.

Disaster Risk

Is a probability of harmful consequences or expected looses resulting from the interactions between natural or human-induced hazards and vulnerable conditions.

Vulnerability

is the degree of loss given to a given element or set of elements at risk resulting from the occurrence of a hazardous phenomenon of a given magnitude. It is expressed on a scale from 0 (no damage) to 1 (total loss)

Vulnerability

Condition in the community, which leave it open to suffer from the effects of a disaster

for example:

• houses on the seacoast prone area

• village situated in the flood prone area

Vulnerability

refers to the state of being exposed to the possibility of harm, whether it be emotional, physical, economic, environmental, or social. it can emerge from an individual’s inherent characteristics or from external situations and forces. embracing vulnerability often requires courage, as it entails facing uncertainties, and risks

examples:

• unresolved trauma: traumatic events have a long-term emotional impact, often affecting your ability to interact healthily in relationships

• sleep deprivation: lack of sufficient sleep can hamper your cognitive functions, slow down your reaction times, and increase risk of harm

Physical

• infrastructure

Social

• knowledge and awareness

• organizations

• population

Economic

• family income

• livelihood, production, and distribution

Environmental

• forest lands

Vulnerability

1. Physical and Environmental Vulnerability

2. Social Vulnerability

3. Economic Vulnerability

different types of vulnerabilities

Physical and environmental vulnerability

refers to human made

• environment of building infrastructures and the natural environment of agriculture, forestry and aquaculture.

A. geographic pattern of the severity of hazards

B. exposure of the elements to hazards

C. Geological and environment characteristics of the community

D. effects of local conditions

Factors that determine the magnitude of physical vulnerability are the following:

Social vulnerability

Refers to susceptibility of the population, the social institutions or organizations that ensure the sustenance of families, communities and society.

• Special categories of vulnerable groups of people

• Educational attainment

• Knowledge and awareness

• Location and type of housing

• Population density

• Perception of risk

• Values and traditions

• Absence of local institution

Social vulnerability categories

Economic vulnerability

Pertains to the assets and resources of the community that are susceptible to disasters including the production, distribution and utilization of goods and services that ensure the well being of the people.

• Sources of livelihood

• Community resources

• Household income and savings

• Markets and access to goods and services.

Economic vulnerability categories

capacity

The opposite of vulnerability is _, which is the combination of community’s strengths, characteristics and resources thatcan be utilized to achieve certain goals.

• Climate Change

• Poverty

Risk Factors Underlying Disasters

Poverty

is both a driver and consequence of disasters, and the processes that further disaster risk related poverty are permeated with inequality

vulnerability

Is a condition determined by physical , social, economic and environmental factors or processes which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards.

vulnerability

It is the extent to which a community, structure, service, or geographic area is likely to be damaged or disrupted.

capacity

It is the combination of a community strengths, characteristics  and resources that can be utilized to achieve certain goals.

note

note.

Disaster Risk

Probability of harmful consequences or expected losses resulting from the interactions between natural or human induced hazards and vulnerable conditions.

Disaster Risk Reduction

is a proactive approach that aims to manage risks even before a calamity occurs.

vulnerability

the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.

exposure

people, property, systems, or other elements present in hazard zones that are thereby subject to potential losses.

Typhoon Yolanda

is the strongest typhoon in the world so far that devastated Leyte, Samar, Cebu and other areas of Visayas as well as the Northern islands of Palawan.

Western Ring of the Pacific Ocean

Philippine is prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruption because it is located geographically at the

equator

The Philippines is prone to tropical cyclones because it is near the

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)

provides protection against natural calamities and to insure the safety, well-being and economic security of all the people, and for the promotion of national progress by undertaking scientific and technological services in meteorology, hydrology, climatology, astronomy and other geophysical sciences

Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)

provides information on the activities of volcanoes, earthquakes, and tsunamis, as well as other specialized information and services primarily for the protection of life and property and in support of economic, productivity, and sustainable development

note. Disaster as a Social Phenomenon

1. Harmful practices worsen vulnerability to disasters.

2. Population growth and shortage of land have further pushed low-income families to worse living conditions, which make them more vulnerable to disasters.

3. The poor, elderly, people with disabilities or special needs, indigenous people, women, children and communities marginalized by the exploitation of natural resources usually end up as victims of disasters as they are the most vulnerable groups.

4. The aftermath of a disaster paves the way for disaster prevention efforts.

note. Disaster as a Social Phenomenon

1. Physical

2. Psychological

3. Socio-cultural

4. Economic

5. Political

6. Environmental

Disaster from Different Perspectives

physical perspective of disaster

• defined as a phenomenon that can cause damage to the physical elements such as buildings, and infrastructures, including people and their properties

• most visible and quantifiable effects of a disaster considered in data recording

psychological perspective of disaster

• Disasters can cause serious mental health consequences for victims

• These consequences take the form of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and a variety of other disorders and symptoms which have been less investigated

• The more stress, defined in a variety of ways, within the disaster, the more likely there are to be emotional consequences.

psychological emotional effects of disaster

Shock, terror, irritability, blame, anger, guilt, grief or sadness, numbing, helplessness, loss of pleasure derived from familiar activities, difficulty feeling happy, difficulty feeling loved.

psychological cognitive effects of disaster

impaired concentration, impaired decision-making ability, memory impairment, disbelief, confusion, nightmares, decreased self-esteem, decreased self-efficacy, self-blame, intrusive thoughts, memories, dissociation, (e.g. tunnel vision, dreamlike or ‘spacey’ feeling)

psychological physical effects of disaster

fatigue, exhaustion, insomnia, cardiovascular strain, startle response, hyperarousal, increased physical pain, reduced immune response, headaches, gastrointestinal upset, decreased appetite, decreased libido, and vulnerability to illness.

psychological interpersonal effects of disaster

Increased relational conflict, social withdrawal, reduced relational intimacy, alienation, impaired work performance, decreased satisfaction, distract, externalization of blame, externalization of vulnerability, feeling abandoned

socio-cultural perspective

disaster is analyzed based on how people respond having as parameter their social conditions and cultural settings

Economic Perspective

• a natural disaster can be defined as a natural event that causes a perturbation to the functioning of the economic system, with a significant negative impact on assets, production factors, output, employment, and consumption

• defining direct economic cost and indirect losses

Political Perspective

considerations before, during, and after a natural disaster can determine who is most at risk, who can intervene, what actions will be taken, and who will benefit from those actions

Environmental Perspective

• Disasters are the convergence of hazards and vulnerable conditions from an environmental perspective and do not occur by accident.

• They reveal underlying environmental problems alongside social, economic, and political issues, while also worsening these environmental challenges.

• Disasters pose serious challenges to environmental development by eroding gains in infrastructure and technological advancement.

hazards

 potentially damaging physical events, phenomena or human activities that may cause injury or loss of life, damage to property, social and economic disruption, or environmental degradation

1. natural

2. induced by humans

3. planned by people

kinds of hazards

natural hazard

beyond human control

natural hazard

what kind of hazard?

• hydro-meteorological and climatological hazards, geologic hazards, biological hazards, astronomical hazards

Hazards induced by Humans

what kind of hazard?

•  fire, industrial and technological hazards, hazards related to high risk recreation activities, other hazardous human activities

hazards deliberately planned by people

personal or political interests, resulting to massive loss of lives and properties

hazards deliberately planned by people

what kind of hazard?

•  arson, terrorism, war

hazard analysis

 identification, study, and monitoring of any hazard to determine its potential, origin, characteristics, and behavior

note. Purpose of Analysis

1. Provide descriptions of the hazards

2. Help in setting priorities corresponding to the need for protections

3. Assist in designing the appropriate DRRM system, plan, programs, and services

note. Purpose of Analysis

1. Community hazard and disaster history construction

2. Hazard and vulnerability mapping

3. Factor Analysis

tools in doing Hazard Analysis

Community hazard and disaster history construction

what tool?

existing hazards and the disasters that the community experienced are identified

Hazard and vulnerability mapping

what tool?

identification of areas in the community that are vulnerable to a specific hazard and highlighted in the map

Factor Analysis

what tool?

described the characteristics of the hazard in terms of the frequency, duration, speed of onset, intensity, probability, forewarning, manageability

note. Factor Analysis

• Frequency - How often does the hazard occur?

• Duration - How long does it occur?

• Speed of Onset - How fast does it occur upon initial detection?

• Intensity - What is the strength and magnitude?

• Probability - What is the chance that will occur?

• Forewarning - Is there adequate time to prepare upon detection? Are there signals before occurrence?

• Manageability - How manageable are the effects of the hazard?

Factor Analysis note.

earthquake

the shaking of the surface of Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in the lithosphere that creates seismic waves

the collision of the Pacific Plate in the east and the Eurasian Plate in the West.

According to one of the theories regarding the formation of the Philippines, our islands and mountains were the result of

Pacific plate

oceanic tectonic plate that lies beneath the Pacific Ocean. At 103 million km² (40 million sq mi), it is the largest tectonic plate

Eurasian plate

tectonic plate that includes most of the continent of Eurasia (a landmass consisting of the traditional continents of Europe and Asia)

fault lines

 cracks on the earth’s surface along which smaller plates move or slip against each other

focus

place where the energy is released like an explosion

epicenter

point that is immediately above the focus

active fault

PHIVOLCS defines an _ as a fault which has moved within the last 10,000 years.

moved within the last 10,000 years.

PHIVOLCS defines an active fault as a fault which has _

West Valley Fault

One of the most active faults that can trigger a strong earthquake is the

magnitude

measure of the total energy released at the earthquake’s point of origin which is below the earth’s surface

seismograph

the instrument that measures magnitude

Richter Magnitude Scale

used to measure the strength of an earthquake

intensity

• perceived strength of an earthquake based on relative effect to people and structures on the earth’s surface.

• the nearer to the epicenter, the higher the _ in that area

1. ground shaking

2. ground rupture

3. liquefaction

4. ground subsidence

5. tsunami

earthquake hazards

ground shaking

what kind of earthquake hazard?

• caused by passage of seismic waves beneath structures 

• as a result these structures may tilt, split, topple, or collapse

• affected by how huge the earthquake is, what type of ground the earthquake waves travel through, and how far it is from the earthquake source.

ground rupture

what kind of earthquake hazard?

• displacement of the ground due to the violent shaking of the surface

vertical displacement

occurs when one side of the ground goes up or down or both sides moved with one side going up and other going down

horizontal displacement

happens when there is lateral movement from side to side, one goes to the left or right, or both moves sideways in different directions

liquefaction

what kind of earthquake hazard?

• takes place when there is an increase in water pressure in saturated soils because of ground shaking

• sand deposits become more compact and water is squeezed towards the surface which creates a condition similar to quicksand.

Ground subsidence

what kind of earthquake hazard?

• lowering of the land surface occurs for many reasons, such as the extraction of groundwater and natural gas, mining, and earthquakes

Tsunami

what kind of earthquake hazard?

series of large waves resulting from the disturbance of seawater commonly due to an earthquake

1. Near-field or local tsunamis - reach shoreline within minutes

2. Far-field or distant tsunamis - take several hours

2 types of Tsunami

note

note. Earthquake Preparedness and Risk Reduction

before

• The key to effective disaster prevention is planning

• Prepare your place of work and residence for the events

  • Secure heavy furniture to the wall, store breakable and hazardous materials on low shelves, and always turn off gas tanks when not in use.

• Familiarize yourself with your place of work and residence

  • Identify strong parts of the building for refuge during an earthquake, such as door jambs, sturdy tables, and areas near elevators, and ensure fire extinguishers, first aid, and emergency exits are accessible, well-located, and clearly marked.

• Most causes of injuries during earthquakes are from falling objects

  • Ensure heavy materials are stored on lower shelves, secure hanging objects, and maintain an earthquake survival kit with essentials like a battery-powered radio, flashlight, first aid kit, potable water, candles, ready-to-eat food, whistle, and dust mask.

note

note. Earthquake Preparedness and Risk Reduction

during

• If you are inside a structural building, stay there!

  • protect your body from falling debris by bracing yourself in a doorway or by getting under a sturdy desk or table

• If you are outside, move to an open area

  • stay away from power lines, posts, walls, buildings with glass panes

• When driving a vehicle, pull to the side of the road and stop

  • do not attempt to cross bridges or overpasses. If you are on a mountain or near a steep hillslope, move away from steep escarpments that may be affected by landslides

• If you are along the shore and you feel a very strong earthquake, strong enough to make standing difficult, it is always safe to assume that a tsunami has been triggered. Run away from the shore toward higher ground.

note

note. Earthquake Preparedness and Risk Reduction

after

• If you are inside an old structure, take the fastest and safest way out!

  • do not rush to the exit; get out calmly, do not use elevators, check your self and other injuries

• Unless you need emergency help

  • do not use your phone to call relatives and friends. Disaster prevention authorities may need the line for emergency communications. Do not use cars and drive around areas of damage. Rescue and relief operations need the road for mobility.

• Help reduce the number of casualties from the earthquake

  • don’t enter partially damaged buildings, strong aftershocks may cause them to collapse, obey public safety precautions

• Check your surroundings

  • clean up chemical spills, and and toxic and flammable materials to avoid any chain of unwanted events, check your water and electrical lines for defects

• If you must evacuate your residence, leave a message stating where you are going

  • take with you your survival kit

Taal Volcano

second most active volcano in the Philippines located in Tagaytay. The volcano with a lake and within the lake.

Mayon Volcano

The most active volcano in the Philippines, located at Albay in Bicol region. Famous for its almost perfect conical shape. When Mayon Volcano erupted in 1814, it claimed the lives of roughly 1,200 people

Mt. Pinatubo

relatively quiet since the 1991 eruption, but it is still active. It remains to be determined whether or not more explosions at the volcano are likely during the current eruptive period. Located at Zambales Mountains

Mt. Kanlaon

 an active andesitic stratovolcano and the highest mountain on the island of Negros in the Philippines, as well as the highest peak in the Visayas, with an elevation of 2,465 m (8,087 ft) above sea level. Mount Kanlaon ranks as the 42nd-highest peak of an island in the world.

1. Ash fall

2. Poisonous gases

3. Lahar

Hazards brought by Volcanic Eruptions

volcano

a vent in the earth’s surface that opens downward to the pool of molten rock, debris, and gases. It’s formation involves the process of subduction

subduction

takes place when two plates converge and the volcano is formed

subduction zone

place where the two plates converge and the volcano is formed

1. active

2. potentially active

3. inactive

Classification of Volcanoes

active volcano

• Currently erupting or is showing signs of volcanic eruptions

• It should have erupted within the last 600 years.

potentially active volcano

one that has erupted and then entered a long period of inactivity

inactive volcano

has not shown any sign of activity or eruption for a long period

1. lava flow

2. pyroclastic flow

3. pyroclastic surge

4. tephra falls

5. ballistic projectiles

6. volcanic gas

7. lahar

Volcanic Eruption Hazards: