Lesson 2.5. Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides

more than 10 sugar units which can reach thousands

Storage

General function of Polysaccharides:

a. Starch and Glycogen is used for:

b. Chitin and Cellulose is used for:

a = ?

Structure

General function of Polysaccharides:

a. Starch and Glycogen is used for:

b. Chitin and Cellulose is used for:

b = ?

Glucose

Starch is a polymer of a.____________ linked together by b.________________.

a = ?

α(1->4) and α(1->6) glycosidic bonds

Starch is a polymer of a.____________ linked together by b.________________.

b = ?

Zea mays

SOURCES OF STARCH

a. grains of:

b. grains of:

c. tubers of:

a = ?

Triticum aestivum

SOURCES OF STARCH

a. grains of:

b. grains of:

c. tubers of:

b = ?

Solanum tuberosum

SOURCES OF STARCH

a. grains of:

b. grains of:

c. tubers of:

c = ?

microscopic analysis

Sources of Starch can be differentiated by ____________________________

Structure of Amylose

• Linear

• 250-300 units

• Linked by α(1 ->4) only every 8-12 glucose units

Structure of Amylopectin

• Branched

• 1000 or more glucose units

• linked by 1000 or more glucose units Branched α(1 ->4) with α(1 ->6) every 25 glucose units

Water Solubility of Amylose

More soluble in water

Water Solubility of Amylopectin

Less soluble in water because it provides the paste-forming property of starch

Deep Blue

Iodine Test of Amylose

Blue violet/purple

Iodine Test of amylopectin

25%

Abundance of Amylose

75%

Abundance of Amylopectin

Amylases

Starch are broken down by enzymes known as:

α-amylases

• enzyme in pancreatic juice (amylopsin) and saliva (ptyalin)

• random splitting of α-1,4 links

mixture of glucose, maltose, amylopectin

When starch is broken down by α-amylases, the end-product is a:

B-amylases

• capable of splitting α-1,4 bonds

• remove maltose unit from non-reducing end of polysaccharides

• at branching points: maltose & dextrins (incomplete hydrolysis)

nearly purely maltose

When starch is broken down by B-amylases, the end-product is a:

Tablet Binder

USES OF STARCH:

• holds the medicinal powder and fillers together into a solid form

Tablet Disintegrant

USES OF STARCH:

• increases the surface area for faster digestion

Antidote for Iodine Poisoning

USES OF STARCH:

• because of the complex it forms, it prevents the chemical from being absorbed by the stomach lining and tissues

Pregelatinized Starch

MODIFIED STARCHES:

• starch that is chemically or mechanically processed to rupture all or part of the granules

• tablet binder

Sodium Starch Glycollate

MODIFIED STARCHES:

• disintegrating agent

Hetastarch

MODIFIED STARCHES:

• plasma expander at 6%

Glycogen

Glycogen

branched homoglycan, resembling amylopectin

Animal

Glycogen is known as the ________________ starch

more branched

Glycogen is a.________________ than starch and it is linked by b.__________________

a = ?

α(1->4) and α(1->6) glycosidic bonds

Glycogen is a.________________ than starch and it is linked by b.__________________

b = ?

Wine Red

In Iodine Test, a sample contains glycogen if it turns ___________________

fructan

Inulin is a a.______________ linked by b.___________________ with one molecule of glucose at the c.___________________.

a = ?

β(2->1)

Inulin is a a.______________ linked by b.___________________ with one molecule of glucose at the c.___________________.

b = ?

terminal

Inulin is a a.______________ linked by b.___________________ with one molecule of glucose at the c.___________________.

a = ?

Asteraceae

The _______________________ is rich in Inulin

evaluation of renal function

use of Inulin

Phleins

Other Fructans:

a. Grass

b. Couch Grass (Elymus repens)

c. Squill (Drimia maritima)

a = ?

Agropyrene

Other Fructans:

a. Grass

b. Couch Grass (Elymus repens)

c. Squill (Drimia maritima)

b = ?

Sinistrin

Other Fructans:

a. Grass

b. Couch Grass (Elymus repens)

c. Squill (Drimia maritima)

c = ?

glucan

Dextran is a a.____________ linked by b.________________________ with some branching due to c._________.

a = ?

α(1->6)

Dextran is a a.____________ linked by b.________________________ with some branching due to c._________.

b = ?

α(1->3)

Dextran is a a.____________ linked by b.________________________ with some branching due to c._________.

c = ?

Dextran

From Leuconostoc mesenteroides (by dextran sucrase/transglycosylase which is responsible for the conversion of sucrose to dextran)

Plasma Expander at 10%

USE OF DEXTRAN:

a. due to osmolality and viscosity similar to plasma

b. IV iron supplement (used when oral iron is not tolerated)

a = ?

Iron Dextran

USE OF DEXTRAN:

a. due to osmolality and viscosity similar to plasma

b. IV iron supplement (used when oral iron is not tolerated)

b = ?

polymer of glucose

Cellulose is a a._________________ linked by b._____________________________

a = ?

β(1->4) glycosidic bonds

Cellulose is a a._________________ linked by b._____________________________

b = ?

cellulase

Cellulose cannot be digested by mammalian enzyme systems, unlike bacteria, rumen microflora or herbivores, due to their lack of a.______________ which breaks down b.__________________.

a = ?

beta glycosidic bonds

Cellulose cannot be digested by mammalian enzyme systems, unlike bacteria, rumen microflora or herbivores, due to their lack of a.______________ which breaks down b.__________________.

b = ?

rigidity of the cell wall

Cellulose is responsible for the __________________ in plants.

most abundant

Cellulose is the ______________________ organic compound on earth.

mechanical protection against bacteria

Cellulose is used as __________________________________ because it absorbs mucus, pus, and blood.

Gossypium hirsutum or G. herbaceum

Purified/Absorbent Cotton is from the hair of the seeds (trichomes) of ___________________________.

cylindrical

Cotton Hair is:

a. _______________ when young

b. _______________ when it matures

a = ?

flattened and twisted

Cotton Hair is:

a. _______________ when young

b. _______________ when it matures

b = ?

waxy cuticle

COTTON

a. _________________ renders it non-absorbent

b. ____________________________ can be wetted by water

a = ?

bleached cotton yarn and absorbent cotton wool

COTTON

a. _________________ renders it non-absorbent

b. ____________________________ can be wetted by water

b = ?

Cellobiose

Cotton that is composed by 2 glucose units

raw cotton

Ammoniacal CuO Test

a. dissolves, leaving fragments of cuticle

b. dissolves with uniform swelling

a = ?

absorbent

Ammoniacal CuO Test

a. dissolves, leaving fragments of cuticle

b. dissolves with uniform swelling

b = ?

Regenerated Fibers of Cellulose

Produced from naturally occurring, long-chain molecules suitable which have been isolated, controlled, and modified to give a fibre form

Viscose (Rayon)

CELLULOSE: REGENERATED FIBRES

• used for surgical dressings

Continuous filament rayon

CELLULOSE: REGENERATED FIBRES

• used for blouse fabrics

Staple Rayon

CELLULOSE: REGENERATED FIBRES

• cut up of fixed length

• used in surgical dressings

Methylcellulose

CELLULOSE ETHERS:

• prepared by action of methyl chloride on alkali cellulose

2 out of 3 OH in glucose are methylated

The best grade of Methylcellulose is when _____________________________________

Lotions, Suspensions, Pastes, Laxatives

Use of Methylcellulose

Carmellose (carboxymethylcellulose)

CELLULOSE ETHERS:

• by action of monochloroacetic acid on alkali cellulose

Ethylcellulose

CELLULOSE ETHERS:

• used as tablet binder and film coat

Cellulose acetate phthalate

CELLULOSE ETHERS:

• used as enteric coating for tablets

Pyroxylin (Soluble Guncotton)

• Topical protectant

• Produced from action of nitric & sulfuric acid on cotton

Colloidon

pyroxylin + alcohol + ether (1:3)

flexible collodion

Collodion + castor oil (3%)

waterproof collodion

Collodion + camphor (2%)

topical protectant

Pyroxylin is used as a:

Oxidized Cellulose

ABSORBABLE HEMOSTATIC DRESSINGS:

• Cotton treated with nitrogen dioxide until around 16-22% of all glucose residues are oxidized to glucuronic acid

Alginate Fibers

ABSORBABLE HEMOSTATIC DRESSINGS:

• Uses alginic acid from seaweeds, containing mannuronic acid and guluronic acid

• alginate is pumped through a spinneret immersed in a bath of calcium chloride solution

mannuronic acid

Alginate fibers that contains a high ratio of __________________________ gives weaker gel and less fiber strength.

Corchorus capsularis, C. olitorius

COTTON: ALLIED DRUGS

a. Jute

b. Flax

c. Hemp

a = ?

Linum usitatissimum

COTTON: ALLIED DRUGS

a. Jute

b. Flax

c. Hemp

b = ?

Cannabis sativa

COTTON: ALLIED DRUGS

a. Jute

b. Flax

c. Hemp

c = ?

Gums and Mucilages

acidic heteroglycans yielding uronic acids + pentoses upon hydrolysis

arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, xylose, and other uronic acid derivatives

Upon hydrolysis of gums and mucilages, they yield ________________________________

anionic and non-ionic polysaccharides

Gums and mucilages are natural plant hydrocolloids that may be classified as _________________________________

pathologic

Gums are ______________

physiologic

Mucilage are _________________

dissolve

Gums ___________ in water

form slimy masses

Mucilages ________________________ in water

Acacia senegal

PLANT EXUDATES:

ACACIA OR GUM ARABIC

a. Source

b. Constituent

a = ?

Arabin (complex mixture of Ca, Mg, and K salts of the heteroglycan arabic acid)

PLANT EXUDATES:

ACACIA OR GUM ARABIC

a. Source

b. Constituent

b = ?

6 years old

ACACIA or GUM ARABIC

a. Tapped in trees around ________________

b. _________________________ - best variety

c. The gum is __________________ in color

d. gum that is obtained from Acacia seyal

e. incompatible in preparations containing more than _______________________________

f. Used as _______________________________

a = ?

Kordofan variety (in Sudan)

ACACIA or GUM ARABIC

a. Tapped in trees around ________________

b. _________________________ - best variety

c. The gum is __________________ in color

d. gum that is obtained from Acacia seyal

e. incompatible in preparations containing more than _______________________________

f. Used as _______________________________

b = ?

white or very pale yellow

ACACIA or GUM ARABIC

a. Tapped in trees around ________________

b. _________________________ - best variety

c. The gum is __________________ in color

d. gum that is obtained from Acacia seyal

e. incompatible in preparations containing more than _______________________________

f. Used as _______________________________

c = ?

Talka gum

ACACIA or GUM ARABIC

a. Tapped in trees around ________________

b. _________________________ - best variety

c. The gum is __________________ in color

d. gum that is obtained from Acacia seyal

e. incompatible in preparations containing more than _______________________________

f. Used as _______________________________

d = ?

60% alcohol (5-6% swells in water)

ACACIA or GUM ARABIC

a. Tapped in trees around ________________

b. _________________________ - best variety

c. The gum is __________________ in color

d. gum that is obtained from Acacia seyal

e. incompatible in preparations containing more than _______________________________

f. Used as _______________________________

e = ?

suspending agent and demulcent

ACACIA or GUM ARABIC

a. Tapped in trees around ________________

b. _________________________ - best variety

c. The gum is __________________ in color

d. gum that is obtained from Acacia seyal

e. incompatible in preparations containing more than _______________________________

f. Used as _______________________________

f = ?

Astragalus gummifer

Source of Tragacanth