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Intelligence
Ability to learn, solve problems, adapt knowledge.
General Intelligence (g)
Underlying factor for all mental abilities.
Factor Analysis
Statistical method identifying clusters of related test items.
Primary Mental Abilities
Includes verbal comprehension, memory, and reasoning.
Fluid Intelligence (Gf)
Reasoning speedily and abstractly; decreases with age.
Crystallized Intelligence (Gc)
Accumulated knowledge and skills; increases with age.
Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory
Intelligence includes g, Gf, Gc, and specific abilities.
Relative Independent Intelligences
Gardner's eight intelligences beyond traditional measures.
Existential Intelligence
Ability to ponder life's big questions.
Savant Syndrome
Exceptional skill despite limited mental ability.
Analytical Intelligence
Problem-solving ability assessed by intelligence tests.
Creative Intelligence
Innovative thinking and adaptability to new situations.
Practical Intelligence
Skills for everyday tasks with multiple solutions.
Grit
Passion and perseverance for long-term goals.
10-Year Rule
Expert performance requires about 10 years of practice.
Social Intelligence
Understanding and managing social situations effectively.
Emotional Intelligence
Perceiving, understanding, managing, and using emotions.
Perceiving Emotions
Recognizing emotions in faces, music, and stories.
Understanding Emotions
Predicting emotional changes and blends.
Managing Emotions
Expressing emotions appropriately in various situations.
Using Emotions
Facilitating adaptive or creative thinking.
Emotional Awareness
Self-awareness and understanding others' emotional cues.
Educational Impact of Intelligence
Multiple intelligences influence teaching strategies.
Conscientiousness
Trait linked to success and persistence.
Occupational Outcomes of g
Higher g predicts better job performance.
Intelligence test
A method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores.
Achievement tests (AP exams)
Designed to assess what you've learned.
Aptitude tests
Designed to predict a person's future performance, what you will be able to learn.
Thinly disguised intelligence tests
Aptitude tests that also support achievement: People who learn quickly are also better at retaining information.
Normal curve
Scores on aptitude tests tend to form a normal, or bell-shaped, curve around an average score (for the Wechsler scale, the average score is 100).
Collectivism
When cultures emphasize the collective welfare of the family, community, and society.
Individualism
When cultures focus on promoting individual opportunity.
Plato
A pioneer in the tradition of individualism, whose writing caused Westerners to ponder how and why individuals differ in mental ability.
Francis Galton
Cousin of Darwin, presuming hereditary genius, founded the horrible eugenics, and contributed to the phrase nature and nurture.
Binet's measure of mental age
Mental age is a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the level of performance typically associated with children of a certain chronological age.
Mental age
A child who does well as an average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8.
Developmental disabilities
A child with developmental disabilities should score much like a typical younger child.
Intellectually gifted child
The opposite should be true for an intellectually gifted child.
Stanford-Binet
The widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test, adapted for California kids by Lewis Terman.
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
Defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (IQ = (ma/ca) * 100).
Average performance
On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
The WAIS and its companion versions for children (like the WISC) are the most widely used intelligence tests; they contain verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests.
Subtests of WAIS
The 2008 edition of the WAIS consists of 15 subtests, including Similarities, Vocabulary, Block design, and Letter-number sequencing.
Psychometrics
The scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits.
Standardization
Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group.
Normal curve (psychometrics)
The bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes.
Plato
A pioneer in the tradition of individualism; his writing caused Westerners to ponder how and why individuals differ in mental ability.
Francis Galton
Cousin of Darwin; presuming hereditary genius and founded the eugenics movement.
Nature and nurture
A phrase contributed by Francis Galton indicating the interplay of genetics and environment.
Binet's measure of mental age
A measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the level of performance typically associated with children of a certain chronological age.
Stanford-Binet
The widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test, adapted by Lewis Terman.
Average performance score
On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
The most widely used intelligence tests that contain verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests.
WAIS subtests
The 2008 edition of the WAIS consists of 15 subtests, including Similarities, Vocabulary, Block design, and Letter-number sequencing.
Normal curve in testing
The bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes, where most scores fall near the average.
Average Score
For many human attributes, the curve's highest point is the average score.
Intelligence Test Average
On an intelligence test, we give this average score a value of 100.
Score Distribution
About 95% of all people score within 30 points plus or minus 100.
Flynn Effect
The rise in intelligence test performance over time and across cultures.
James Flynn
Named after James Flynn who first calculated the magnitude of the Flynn effect.
IQ Score Increase
Flynn observed that the average person's intelligence test score rose three points per decade.
Countries Observed
Such rising performance has been observed in 49 countries from Sweden to Sudan.
Economic Growth and IQ
Countries that have shown the greatest growth in IQ score over time have also experienced more economic growth.
Reliability
The extent to which a test yields consistent results.
Test Consistency
A reliable test, when retaken, gives consistent scores.
Reliability Testing Methods
Researchers test people many times to check a test's reliability.
Split-Half Method
Agreement of odd-numbered question scores to assess reliability.
Correlation Coefficient
The higher the correlation between the two scores, the higher the test's reliability.
Stanford-Binet, WAIS, WISC
These tests are very reliable after early childhood with correlation coefficients of about +.9.
Validity
The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to measure or predict.
Content Validity
The extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest.
Construct Validity
How much a test measures a concept or trait.
Predictive Validity
The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict.
Criterion-Related Validity
Intelligence tests should predict future performance.
SAT Predictive Power
SAT aptitude test scores do predict school grades, but this predictive power peaks in the early school years.
GRE Correlation
The correlation with graduate school performance is an even more modest but still significant +.4.
Narrowed Data Range
When we validate a measure using a wide range of scores but then use it with a restricted range of scores, it loses much of its predictive validity.
Cross-sectional method
Compares different age groups at one time.
Longitudinal method
Follows and retests the same individuals over time.
Mental ability decline
Observed decrease in intelligence with aging.
Intelligence stability
Intelligence remains stable or increases over time.
Cohort
Group sharing a common characteristic, like age.
Correlation coefficient
Statistical measure of relationship strength, e.g., +.66.
IQ at age 11
Predictor of intelligence and longevity later in life.
Health and intelligence link
Higher intelligence correlates with healthier, longer lives.
Intelligence explanations
Factors linking intelligence to health outcomes.
Fluid intelligence (Gf)
Ability to think quickly; declines with age.
Crystallized intelligence (Gc)
Accumulated knowledge; can increase with age.
Social reasoning skills
Older adults excel in perspective-taking and wisdom.
Emotional composure
Older adults manage emotions better in decisions.
Wisdom
Enhanced ability to navigate conflicts with age.
Aging effects on memory
Recall memory declines; vocabulary knowledge increases.
Healthier lifestyle
Intelligent individuals tend to smoke less and exercise.
Prenatal influences
Early events can affect both intelligence and health.
Well-wired body
Fast reaction speeds may enhance intelligence and longevity.
Research methods
Focus on how psychological questions are asked.
Marie Von Ebner-Eschenbach quote
"In youth we learn, in age we understand."
Survivor bias
Healthiest participants may skew intelligence study results.
Age 85 intelligence decline
Intelligence decline becomes noticeable after this age.
Heritability
Variation in traits attributed to genetic differences.
