EAPP 11: All Topics 1st Sem Midterm

This is a synthesis of both Sir Bobby’s and Sir Dave’s lecture slides.

Prewriting

It is known as the writing/drawing/exploring that you do before writing your rough draft.

Writing

The stage in the writing process where ideas are put into sentences and paragraphs, focusing on getting thoughts down on paper or screen without worrying too much about perfection. It is about turning plans and outlines into a draft.

After Writing

The stage that comes once the draft is completed, which includes revising, editing, and proofreading to improve clarity, accuracy, grammar, and overall quality before finalizing the work.

Narrative Essay

An essay that tells a story, usually of a personal experience, that makes a point or supports a thesis.

Descriptive Essay

A paper that summarizes or describes a topic using suitable details. The main purpose of the description is to form a picture in the reader’s mind.

Expository Essay

An essay that explains or acquaints the reader with knowledge about the topic. It uses facts, statistical information, cause-and-effect relationships, and/or examples.

Persuasive Essay

An essay that attempts to persuade a reader to adopt a certain point of view or to take a particular action.

Skimming

The act of reading a text quickly to find out the general theme, topic, or meaning.

Scanning

The act of reading a text quickly in order to find specific information, such as figures or names.

Coherence

Refers to the logical arrangement of ideas.

Emphasis

Highlights the significance.

Unity

Stresses the unification.

Slang

Informal words.

Contraction

Shortening of words (e.g., it is → it’s)

Redundancy

Repetitive (“etc.” already means “and others,” so saying “and etc.” would mean “and and others.”)

Verbal Deadwood

Stretching sentences.

Fragmented Sentences

Incomplete Sentences.

Double Negative

Occurs when two negative words are used in the same clause (e.g., “I don’t need no help.” → This is technically a double negative because “don’t” and “no” are both negative. In strict grammar, it should be: “I don’t need any help.”)

Double Comparison

Happens when two words that both express comparison are used together (e.g., “More taller” → Correct version: “Taller.”)

Bow-Wow Theory

Language began by imitating natural sounds (e.g., animal cries, environmental noises).

Pooh-Pooh Theory

Originated from instinctive emotional interjections like pain, joy, or surprise (e.g., “Ouch!” or “Wow!”).

Ding-Dong Theory

Speech arose in harmony with the natural essence of objects—sounds matched their meanings.

Revelationist Theory

Language was divinely gifted to humans by God, not invented by humans.

Revelationist-Conventionalist

God provided a foundational language, which humans then expanded upon

Steps in Language Evolution

1. Non-verbal gestures

2. Grunts, groans, & gestures

3. Verbal communication

4. Complex verbal communication (specific languages & grammar rules)

Language

Stresses the method of human communication (both written and spoken)

Lingua Franca

Refers to a commonly used dialect/language.

Communication Process

It offers understanding amid the communicative transaction.

Denotation

The literal meaning of a word.

Connotation

Provides the implication of the word’s meaning.

Prospectus

An outline for your essay.

Main Idea

The central point or the most important message that a paragraph, text, or academic write-up communicates.

Thesis Statement

A single & specific sentence in an essay/research paper that presents the writer’s main argument or claim.

Context Clues

Hints or information given within a sentence or passage that help you figure out the meaning of an unfamiliar word.

Paraphrasing

The act of restating someone else’s ideas or text in your own words while keeping the original meaning intact.

Reaction Paper

It is a discussion of one’s comments, opinions, or ideas on certain information, a scenario, an event, an article, or any other text/material.

• It aims to show how well you understand the material and how you can connect it to your opinions, values, or prior knowledge.

• While it reflects your personal response, your opinions should be backed up with evidence, examples, or reasoning.

• It usually contains a brief summary of the material and then your personal reaction and critical analysis.

Factual Opinion

Opinions that are backed up with evidence.

Review Paper

It summarizes the current state of knowledge of a particular topic, as its purpose is to inform.

Guidelines of Writing a Review Paper

1. Avoid vague opinions without support

2. Avoid being too emotional or informal

3. Avoid ignoring structure

4. Avoid writing only a summary; give a critical analysis and insights

5. Avoid copying others’ reactions

6. Avoid being one-sided

7. Avoid long, unnecessary details

Critique Paper

It analyzes and evaluates the worth of a piece of literature and/or of other art forms.

Expropriation

• According to the Cambridge dictionary, it is the act of taking away money or property, especially for public use without payment to the owner, or for personal use illegally.

• According to the Oxford Dictionary, it is it is the action by the state or an authority of taking property from its owner for public use or benefit.