Neurons and Glia

Exam 1

What system level is mostly focused in this section?

Cellular

The brain is made up of neurons if a region is active that means

Neurons are active

Cells of the NS show morphological diversity such as

Strains of neuron types and shaped into functions

How do cells differ from cells of the NS?

Most cells in our body contain the same DNA

Structure and function where does it come from?

Selective genetic expression is induced by developmental patterns

How do structures become well structural?

Gradients of expression, define cells as they differentiate and mature

Different gene expressions lead to different proteins which can change

shape and function of cells

What is the function of Glia?

Supporting functions to nourish, insulate and regulate

What is the function of neurons?

Responsible for processing information and allows active conduction of electrical signals

The sciatic nerve is made up of:

Axons:travel along distance

What is the function of dendrites?

The antennae that receives signals/inputs from other neurons

What is the function of the soma(cell body)?

Selectively permeable membrane, filled with salty potassium, and contains specialized structures

What specialized structures in the soma does it contains?

Genetic material, construct proteins, neurotransmitters, convert nutrients into energy, and remove waste

What is the function of the nucleus?

Contains genetic material of cell

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Generates energy of cell

What is the function of the endoplasmic recticulum?

Smooth-Makes cell membrane(lipids)

Rough-Makes proteins

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

Modifies, packages, and transports proteins and lipids

What is the function of lysosomes?

Contains digestive enzymes

What is the function of free ribosomes?

Synthesize proteins

What is the function of the axon?

Initiates, conducts and transmits the output signal: an action potential

What is the function of the axon hillock/initial segment?

Where action potential are initiated

What is the function of the axon terminals?

Where signals are passed to the next cell releasing neurotransmitters

What are Myelin?

Sheets of insulating phospholipids that enwrap some axons(signaling)

What are the functions of myelin?

Produced by certain glia(oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells)

Gaps of the axon are?

Nodes of Ranvier

What is saltatory conduction in the modes of ranvier?

Faster, more efficient action potentials

How is a graded potential different from an AP?

It has to do the method and direction of activiation

What are graded potentials?

Result of stimulation from other sources(usually other neurons)

What are action potentials?

Resulting signal that travels down the axon

What is the importance of Glia?

Trophic support, neuroimmune response, maintain cells and remove waste,insulate and protect cells

What are Schwann Cells?

Creates myelin sheath around peripheral neurons and also important in clearing debris and allowing PNS remodeling

What are Satellite Cells?

Found in sensory/automatic neurons, maintain chemical environment, and synaptic function, can be inflamed in things like chronic pain

What are the two Glia in the PNS?

Schwann cells and Satellite cells

What are the glia in the CNS?

Radial glia, ependymal cells and oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia

What is the Radial Glia?

Acts as a ladder for developing neural cells as they migrate from ventricular zones to final destination

What is Ependymal Cells?

Ciliated cells lining spinal cord and ventricles, facilitating CSF flow

What are Oligodendrocytes?

Ensheath axons of CNS neurons in the myelin and provide metabolic support

In saltatory conduction myelin decreases

axonal sufrace area

Thickness and length of myelin sheaths can alter

Neron electrodynamics

What are astrocytes?

Control endothelial cells and mediate blood-brain barriers, nutrient support of many neurons, regulate synapses, and aid in neural scarring

What are Microglia?

Maintain activity in homeostasis, activated by neuronal damage and infection, chief mediator of neuroimmune response

Astrocytes regulate

BBB and Synapse clearance