SS 104 Modules 5-10

Abdication

renouncing monarchial authority

Blockade

a naval blockade against Germany, aiming to restrict supplies of food, resources, and war materials, ultimately contributing to widespread shortages and economic hardship within Germany

Convoy system

a method of organizing and protecting groups of vehicles or ships traveling together, typically with a military escort or other protective measures

Multinational empire

political aggregation of distinct peoples generally broken down along ethnic and religious lines

“No Man’s Land”

strip of land separating the two armies and their trenches

Ultimatum

The Austro-Hungarian ultimatum to Serbia on July 23, 1914 was a key event leading to the outbreak of war. The ultimatum, presented after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, demanded Serbia accept a series of harsh conditions within 48 hours. While Serbia conceded to most demands, it rejected Austro-Hungarian participation in a judicial inquiry, which Austria-Hungary used as a pretext to declare war.

Command economies

increased government control over production, distribution, and prices. While initially aimed at efficiency, these measures often led to shortages, inflation, and black markets

Economic depression

occurred due to structural weakness in the US economy, careless speculation, crash of the American stock market, insolvency of domestic banks and financial institutions

Economic nationalism

nations prioritizing their own economic interests and independence, often at the expense of international cooperation. This approach involved protectionist measures like tariffs, state control, and efforts towards self-sufficiency, which ultimately contributed to the tensions that fueled the conflict

Inflation

increased government spending, reduced production, and disruptions to supply chains. While not all countries experienced hyperinflation during the war, some, particularly Austria and Germany, faced extreme price increases and currency devaluation after the war

Isolationism

the United States' initial reluctance to engage in European conflicts and its preference for avoiding permanent alliances and international political involvement

Mandates

established by the League of Nations to oversee territories formerly controlled by the defeated Ottoman Empire and Germany. These territories were not annexed by the victorious Allied powers, but rather placed under their administration with the goal of eventually leading them to self-governance

Protectionism

gained traction as nations sought to bolster their domestic economies and address the economic disruptions caused by the war. This involved increased tariffs, import quotas, and other trade barriers aimed at protecting domestic industries from foreign competition. While intended to foster national economic strength, these measures contributed to trade wars and exacerbated economic instability, ultimately playing a role in the lead-up to the Great Depression

Reparations

payments demanded from Germany and its allies by the Allied powers after the war, primarily under the Treaty of Versailles. These payments were intended to cover the costs of damage and losses incurred by the Allies during the war.

Self-determination

promoted by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, advocating for the right of nations to govern themselves. This principle became a key aspect of the post-war peace negotiations, particularly regarding the redrawing of borders in Eastern Europe. The concept aimed to create a more stable and just world by allowing peoples with shared cultural or ethnic identities to form their own independent states.

Tariffs

many nations implemented tariffs to protect domestic industries and raise revenue, also due to increased protectionism

Corporatism

an economic and political system where businesses and the government collaborate, saw increased development and influence in participant states. This collaboration was driven by the need to mobilize resources, maintain labor peace, and ensure economic stability for the war effort

Eugenic science

a willingness to weed out the weak and racially impure that rejected moral values, Aryan physical and mental superiority

Fascism

a far-right, authoritarian ultranationalist political ideology and movement. It was characterized by a dictatorial leader, a single-party state, militarism, suppression of opposition, and a belief in national unity and strength above individual rights.

Martial law

replacement of civilian government by military rule and the suspension of civilian legal processes for military powers

Statism

the ideology that emphasizes the power and authority of the state, often to the extent of subordinating individual or group interests to the perceived needs of the nation or government.

Totalitarianism

a political system where the state holds absolute control over all aspects of public and private life

Volksgemeinschaft

propaganda concept used to unify the German population under a shared racial identity and ideology, excluding those deemed racially or otherwise undesirable

Causes of WWI

Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, Nationalism and imperialism, alliance systems, multi-ethnic empires (decline because of the rise of nationalism), arms race → navies, poor leadership and lack of diplomacy → Kaiser transfer of power and lack of training, rhetoric, propaganda AND

Industrialization, Tanks, Steel from the second industrial revolution, Planes, Poisonous gases, Machine guns, Electricity, Social Changes

MCMXIV

Excited energy

Oval (cricket ground)

Villa park (football)

Lark: carefree adventure

Shops are shut due to the bank holiday

Old money: farthings and sovereigns

Children have more formal names to show that they are English

Range of ages

Domesday: shows ancient connection to place, heritage

Pastoral area vs upper class combined with working class

Suburbian: garden = backyard

Men go to war and die, ending marriages

The Lost Generation: university educated men die

• Testament of youth: what our youth was

Phase I

Germans invade France but were stopped at the Battle of the Marne (September 1914)
British Expeditionary Force (BEF) helped to stop the Germans at the Battle of Mons (23 August 1914)
Russians invade Germany but destroyed at Battle of Tannenburg (August 1914)

Phase II

September to November 1914
The Race to the Sea
Both sides dig 400 mile line of trenches from Switzerland to English channel
Soldiers have to deal with being wet, rats, illness

Phase III

Stalemate

Attacks on German trenches lead to huge casualities
Britain’s attempt to open up a second front at Gallipoli in Turkey was a failure

Winston Churchill → invade from down through Ottoman empire, Gallipoli Dardanelles

Picking people off from up on the hills (Anzac Day)

Lusitania (1915)

US president stays neutral until Germans bomb it, Americans get pissed because passengers are American, draws America into conflict through German submarine warfare in 1917

Phase IV

The War of Attrition: person that stays the longest has won
Total War: a type of warfare where all resources of a nation, including its civilian population and infrastructure, are mobilized and considered legitimate targets in the pursuit of complete victory
Thousands die or are wounded, new weapons, poison gas, tanks, aeroplanes fail to make much effect
Bad conditions in trenches, casualties from machine gun and artillery fire
British blockade German ports to try and starve Germans into surrender
October 1918: revolution in Germany, German U-Boats try to starve British by sinking merchant ships but this angered Americans
German Zeppelins and Gotha planes bomb London

Dulce et Decorum Est

uses it ironically in his poem to highlight the contrast between the romanticized idea of dying for one's nation and the brutal experience of soldiers in war. The poem, through vivid imagery and powerful language, depicts the physical and psychological trauma of trench warfare, ultimately concluding that the idea of a glorious death in battle is a "lie"

Apollinaire: The Stunned Dove and the Water Jet

Gardens → burial grounds

Detrimental

Friends have turned to ashes
Shaped poem

Phase V

US enters war in 1917
2 March 1918 Germans launch Operation Michael: last-ditch attack
8 August 1918 “Black Day” where Germany army was defeated, allies and America push back Germans
11 November 1918 Allies and Germany sign ceasefire (armistice)

Treaty of Versailles

France angry because of major losses, war guilt clause enacted and Germany has to accept responsibility for causing the whole war

Punishment of Germany

Lost 13% of territory, no military, 132 billion gold marks, surrender of all colonies

German War Reparations and Government Loans

Germany receives loans from the US to pay UK and France
Reparations used to rebuild France and Belgium and pay UK/US war debts

France occupies the Ruhr

France and Belgium intervene to take control of the Ruhr valley as Germany defaulted on reparations payments

Black Friday, The Crash, The Great Depression

International markets depend on America, when market bursts the whole system goes down

Fascism

Ultranationalism

Charismatic leadership (Mussolini)

Dictatorship (Do what I say)

Racism

Need outgroup to take out their anger on

For Nazi Germany, Jews

A single party

Everyone wants to be part of that party, Nazism

Paramilitism (Wield latent or external force)

Violence, actual or threatened (Outgroup fear of ingroup, Burning, notes, etc., Breaking windows of Jewish shops for Nazi Germany)

Corporatism

A totalitarian ideology

Anti-socialism/communism

Anti-liberalism

Anti-parliamentarianism

Anti-constitutionalism

Germany fascism

based on extreme racialism, outgroup Jews, Germanic speaking peoples have a spirit and behave in a certain way, so they do not fit into this, ultra-nationalistic, emphasizes state over individual, citizen’s loyalty to state and Fuhrer, war not peace is natural state of affairs

Nazi political program

unification of all Germans, Abrogation of the Versailles Treaty, only a member of the German race and German blood can be a citizen, Jews cannot be citizens, demand land and territory for our surplus population

Adolf Hitler

bitter over war’s end, Mein Kampf calls for creation of Lebensraum for German people in Eastern Europe, reworks Volksgeist to suit, chancellor of Germany 1933-1945, fall of Weimar and Rise of the Third Reich

Racial darwinism/eugenics in Nazi Germany

Forced sterilization
Nuremburg laws: marriages between Jews and citizens of German or kindred blood forbidden, Jews cannot employ female citizens under age of 45, forbidden to display the Reich and national flag or the national colors

Anschluss

the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in March 1938. The term, meaning "connection" or "joining" in German, was used to describe the political union of Austria with Germany.

Appeasement

the policy adopted by Britain and France in the 1930s, primarily led by British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, of making concessions to Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany in an attempt to avoid war

Neville Chamberlain

British Prime Minister from 1937 to 1940, during the initial stages of World War II. He is most remembered for his policy of appeasement towards Nazi Germany, particularly the Munich Agreement of 1938, which aimed to avoid war by conceding to Hitler's territorial demands in Czechoslovakia

Phoney War

the period in World War II from late 1939 to early 1940 when there was a lack of major military action on the Western Front, despite Britain and France declaring war on Germany after its invasion of Poland

Kindertransport + Evacuations

pre-war rescue operation, primarily focused on Jewish children from Nazi-controlled territories, who were brought to the UK and other countries for safety

Blitzkrieg

a military tactic employed by Nazi Germany during World War II, characterized by swift, concentrated attacks using combined arms, primarily tanks and air power, to overwhelm and quickly defeat an enemy

Battle of Britain

first major defeat of Germany’s military forces, the Royal Air Force and the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy defended the United Kingdom against large-scale attacks by Nazi Germany's air force, the Luftwaffe.

Winston Churchill

erved as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the majority of World War II, from 1940 to 1945, and again from 1951 to 1955. He is widely celebrated for his leadership during the war, particularly his inspiring speeches that rallied the British people and his role in shaping Allied strategy.

Petain and Vichy France

a collaborationist French government established after the fall of France to Nazi Germany in 1940. Vichy France governed the southern zone of France while the northern zone was under direct German occupation.

Lend-Lease Agreement

formally rendered the Neutrality Acts of the 1930s obsolete and provided Britain and its Allies with armaments, food and raw materials to continue fighting the war

Operation Barbarossa

invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and serveral of its European Axis allies during WWII

Rationing

implemented to manage scarce resources and ensure fair distribution of essential goods. It wasn't just food; clothing, fuel, and other items were also rationed. Rationing aimed to prevent shortages and inflation, and fostered a sense of community as everyone faced similar restrictions, families encouraged to grow their own food

Anderson shelters

air raid shelters used in the UK during World War II. They were designed to provide basic protection to civilians during air raids by being half-buried in the garden and covered with earth.

D-Day

Germany driven back into Western Europe by British, Americans, and their allies

VJ-Day + Hiroshima

marks the end of World War II following Japan's surrender on August 15, 1945. While the surrender is often associated with the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, VJ Day specifically refers to the announcement of Japan's surrender and the subsequent celebrations

Cold War

an ongoing political rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies that developed after World War II

Kristallnacht

German Nazis attack Jewish persons and property

Wanssee Conference (1942)

meeting of Nazi officials on January 20, 1942, in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee to plan the “final solution” (Endlösung) to the so-called “Jewish question” (Judenfrage)

Timeline for WWII

Phase I of WWII

Hitler conquers Poland, Germany, Britain, France begin to issue propaganda, Britain drops propaganda leaflets over Germany, all countries developing military bases and new technologies, people frustrated because there was no point in staying in the countryside when there were no bombs being dropped

Phase II of WWII

Nazis consquer Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, France, Churchill becomes PM May 1940, delivers famous speech to House of Commons in Westminster, Petain (French president) sued for peace with Hitler, agreed to cede 3/5s of French territory to the Germans

Phase III of WWII

Britain withstood airforce in Battle of Britain, but Britain was alone and in danger of losing the war, bombed consistently for 76 nights, driven out of Greece and most of North Africa, ran out of $$$ and had to sign Lend-Lease agreements with America

Phase IV of WWII

Operation Barbarossa, German invasion of Russia brings them back into the war against Germany, Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor December 1941 and America is brought into the war, Allie gradually begin to win the war.

June 1942 Americans defeat the Japanese at Battle of Midway, November 1942 British win Battle of El-Alamein in Egypt, January 1943 Russians defeat Nazis at Battle of Stalingrad.

Phase V of WWII

Germany driven back into western Europe, Americans and British continue to bomb Germany, Russians advanced in Eastern Europe and reached Berlin, Hitler commits suicide and Germany surrenders. War continues in Japan for another three months, where Americans drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945

Consequences of the war in Britain

• 50 million people (6 million Jews die)

• Old empires of France and Britain end

• Almost all old colonies of the British empire gain independence (wind of change)

• America and Russia new superpowers (Cold War)

• League of Nations —> United Nations

• Welfare state

• Dismantling of British Empire

• Rationing remained until 1950s

• Right over evil

Persecution

Kristallnacht, Jews herded into ghettos, Nazis begin to murder Jewish people in “einsatzgruppen,” Wannsee conference enacts Auschwitz camps

Genocide

1940: ghettoization
1941: wearing the star, 1 million murdered

1942: Wannsee conference, camps built
Roma, LGBTQ, mentally ill and disabled people, Slavic people

Post-memory and trauma

Marianne Hirsch
Explains trauma handed down generationally, reference and processes feelings of children and survivors of the Holocaust

Understanding popular culture in post war, post imperial Britain

Gap between high and popular culture is lessened
Barriers between arts and entertainment begin to diminish
Teenager sub cultures begin in post-war world

Links with mass culture

Working class culture depicted in arts: popular and high
Significance of football, popular music, fashion increase in national consciousness
British forms of popular music and film reemerge
Connection to older forms, especially music hall

Historical Context: 1950s

50s Rationing, money put into researching nuclear weapons, end of empire and fall from power, affluence and austerity, youth have disposable income and no fear of war, invention of the teenager, London overtakes Paris as cultural epicenter, American and Italian influence

Working class culture

Town and Planning Act, slum clearances, affluence, cheap homes, economic opportunities, Education Act 1944, “Angry Young Men” and Kitchen Sink Realism 1959, John Osborne, Look Back in Anger 1956, 1966 World Cup and George Best, Beatles/Yardbirds/The Who, Mary Quant and John Stephen

New Wave Films

drew attention to the realities of working class life, challenged social convention, pseudo-documentary style, shot on location, often with non-professional or new actors, usually set outside London but some may involve plots to relocate to London

Mary Quant and John Stephen

practical, fashion forward clothes for real life wear, cheap disposable fashion, menswear, traditional fabrics in non-traditional cuts, Carnaby St., model for current styles

Swinging Sixties

signifies a period of social and cultural change, characterized by a focus on modernity, hedonism, and a rejection of traditional norms

Teddy Boys

1950s

Ted (Edward)

Harkening back to the Edwardians 1901-1914

Longer frot coat

American bolo ties, swiffy hairdoes like Elvis Presley

Riot races Notting Hill 1958

“Hanging about,” dancing, fight at the dance?, uh…, groupthink

Rockers

Jeans, frot coat, quiff, leather coats, more metal, driving motorcycles

Nortons, triumphs

Caffs (cafe) → cheap place to go for brekkie

American influence

Hate mods

Mods

A different way of being working class

Preppy

Barracuda jackets

Vespa scooters, Italian influence

Coffeehouses, intellectual

Lots of mirrors for flare

Brighton:

Drugs, amphetamines

Rocker shows up, but as soon as I’m part of this group then I don't think I can be friends with you bc you are my enemy

Beatniks

Birth of Ska

Change into hippies by 1968

On the Road?

Mod jazz not regular jazz

Smoke pot, mushrooms soon

“Intellectuals of their generation”

Bob Dylan

Working class

May 1968

Students in Revolt, France

Esp in Europe

Post War Paris, Charles Dugall president

Very traditional, Catholic church

1965, women can get jobs without asking their husbands

Want to learn new things

Rise of identity politics: politics based on a particular identity, such as ethnicity, race, nationality, religion, denomination, gender, sexual orientation, social background, political affiliation, caste, age, education, disability, opinion, intelligence, and social class.

Workers connect with them to work in the street

Protests against Vietnam

Women’s Liberation

Contraception

Equal Rights

The Feminine Mystique

The Second Sex

1945: French women get the vote

1971: Swiss women

Thatcher in 80s: not many other women in politics until 90s

Domestic stuff comes back at the end of the war

Combahee River Collective Statement

1974: American women who are queer, Asian, Black, etc. finally hear from them

Wellesley, put together statement called Combahee river collective, confronts corporate powers as important material forces of oppression: “We realize that the liberation of all oppressed peoples necessitates the destruction of the political- economic systems of capital- ism and imperialism as well as patriarchy.”

Barbara Smith
Margo Okazawa-Rey
Devita Frazier

1919-1924 Decolonization

Propertied women get the right to vote, working class women still without the franchise, have won the war “never before, never since",” 1924: Height of empire and the Pax Britannica, 1924: Celebrated in the Wembley exhibition

Wembley

meant to stimulate trade and strengthen bonds that bind Mother Country to her Sister States and Daughters,
Woolf

When you have an empire and you have decided to invocate everyone with how you do things, generationally you want the people in the colonies countries to be like you

But once they do they are starting to think like you and they wonder why they do not have the same rights as you (letting the light in)

Africans in London

Come to London to change their home countries

Forming communities and making connections

Pan-Africa movement

Power of connections that change positions of Africans when they come back

Commonwealth

1926 Balfour Declaration: Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, freely associated as members of the British commonwealth of nations

Post WWII Empire and Decolonization

Britain is doing bad, barely surviving

Commonwealth Nationality Act: 1948, welcoming people into Britain, British citizenship

Home rule: government by its own citizens (IRELAND)

Ireland ruled by Parliament in Britain

Identity politics: people of same background form political alliances

Self-determination: a people’s right to form its own political entity

Civil rights: the rights that each person has in a society, whatever their race, sex, or religion, lawful element to that

See what is going on in the US regarding segregation and want better for themselves

France has most colonies because of Germans

Colossus of Rhodes: Cecil Rhodes

Many in 1960, 1956

The late ones: Portugal

Salazar refuses to let go because small country already

People flee because they did not want to fight the war in Africa

Phases of Decolonization in Africa

Economics

• Europeans do not have money to support, sucked everything we can, taken people and trafficked them

• Cannot sell manufactured goods because you are too poor to afford them

African efforts

• Push to represent themselves

• Self rule

• Helped during WWII

African protest for self rule

• Educated people come home to show how wrong everything is

Mau Mau Rebellion

• Agricultural, pastoral place

• Kikuyu tribe: pushed off lands because white farmers arrive and take land, forced into Nairobi which becomes overcrowded

• Pissed because generational land

• Tensions high for many years

Mau Mau want home rule

Others believe that Brits need to be here because otherwise they will lose job

All Kikuyu are all black

Meant to create sense of fear in the video, why would you bite the hand that feeds you?

White people in positions of power, Kikuyu working under them to get paid

Paint as uncivilized

Kwame Nkrumah

First prime minister of Ghana

Educated in London and America

Force behind Pan-Africa movement

Pictured with MLK and the Queen to emphasize his peacefulness and appeal to certain audiences

And wears cultural wear to appeal to the people of his culture

Becomes a dictator

The Struggle for Independence and Decolonization

Suez crisis: Israel, France, Britain, make secret deal to fuck Egypt over with the canal

Britain no longer world power, it is USA because they make decisions in the west and need to ask America first

1956 conclusion of British power

The Winds of Change Speech: free colonies from Africa by Africans

Republic of Ireland

Trying to get rule since 1550

Protestant Ascendency

Catholics subjected to penal laws

Rebellion

Ireland is controlled by Britain, takes away Parliament because Catholic

Civil war happens in Ireland because of partitioning, Catholics in northern Ireland upset, Protestant north and Catholic south
April 1949 ends British authority, 1948 act repeals external relations act and took Eire out of the Commonwealth

Partition of India

Gandhi tries in early 1900s

Hind Swaraj written

Muslims take part in movement

Al jinnah: Muslim leader

INC: Indian national congress to get rid of British rule

Muslims live in Pakistan

West and East Pakistan: forced migration forced by the British

East Pakistan becomes Bangladesh

End up immigrating around the old commonwealth

Diaspora big, Britain main locus

Indian shops established despite acculturation

Brick Lane 1978

Committed against Bangladesh community, 7,000 Bengalis marched from Brick Lane to 10 Downing Street, delivering a petition which called for police protection and an end to racial violence. It was led by young people, and was part of a fightback that helped turn the tide against far-right politics in the UK.

Altab Ali: murdered by three white east enders

Windrush

refers to the arrival of the ship HMT Empire Windrush at Tilbury Docks in June 1948, carrying over 800 passengers from the Caribbean to the UK. This event is symbolic of the wider Windrush generation, the Caribbean migrants who came to Britain between 1948 and 1971, many of whom were invited to help rebuild the country after World War II and fill labor shortages.

Enoch Powell

Rivers of Blood Speech, speaks out against continued immigration

Facism, generate fear against the outgroup

Brixton 1981

“Sus”pect laws

Walking around being black was enough to be stopped and searched

1973-79: Ongoing crisis

1973: EEC, European Economic Community (EU)

• Founded 1957, France major figure

• Meant to be an economic opening of borders between European countries

• Britain joins later because Charles Dugall hates Britain because they did not do enough to help France

• Britain gains better connections with Europe despite poor economic conditions

Oil Crisis

• Yom Kippur War

• War between Israel, Britain, France, America, Arab countries OPEC

• Put embargo on them (stop shipment on oil)

• Now Britain has no petrol and there is real pressure on how to get things going, depend on horses, nuclear energy, coal energy

The coal strike in 1973

• Ban in November because government tried to manage the coal

• All coal miners

• Trade unions have so much power that the government tries to step in

• Raise taken away from the coal miners again

3 day week

• Response to coal strike

• Less energy and electricity going around

• Limited to three consecutive days a week of commercial usage

Stagflation

• Both inflation and unemployment were high simultaneously. This was largely due to the oil price shocks and increased wage demands, which led to a contraction in supply and demand.

• Higher rates of violence and sexual violence among youth because adults taking their jobs

IMF Loan

• The Labour government sought a loan from the International Monetary Fund to meet deteriorating economic conditions.

• The Fund demanded large cuts in public spending. After a bitter Cabinet battle, the Cabinet agreed, so ending plans to expand the economy and improve the social services.

• Many believed that 1976 was also a crisis for democratic socialism, a philosophy which had sought social improvement through economic growth. That philosophy now appeared irrelevant during a period of austerity.

78-79 Winter of discontent

• A period of widespread industrial action in the United Kingdom between late 1978 and early 1979, marked by strikes across various sectors, including public services, affecting essential services like refuse collection, healthcare, and even burials.

• These strikes were primarily driven by workers seeking higher wages and a better standard of living, particularly amidst rising inflation and government wage controls

Sex Pistols God Save the Queen

Punk is born out of this movement

Queen’s Jubilee in this era, special anniversary, God Save the Queen

Serve as the anti-celebration, everything sucks!

Queen is very removed

Treats her subjects like shit, dehumanized

Moron because she is not educated, no opinion, cannot go out in the world, just a figurehead

Youth have no future because of the state of the world

Flowers in the dustbin: lack of support for the youth, growing in this shithole

Hear no evil see no evil: flag