HOA 2- RENAISSANCE IN RUSSIA

RENAISSANCE IN RUSSIA

• as a delayed 'Renaissance' that preceded the dramatic Westernization of his country by Peter the Great.

• Russia is also home to 30 UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Peter the Great

• served as the tsar of Russia from 1682-1725. He was the first Russian monarch

• His own library contained architectural books from the Netherlands, France, Germany and Italy.

• s he set forward to build the new Russian capital of St. Petersburg.

Development of Russian Baroque

• Russian Baroque is a very particular and impressive style.

• It began almost a century after it started in Italy.

• Baroque arrived in Russia in the form of:

  • construction innovation

  • abundant decoration

  • colors

3 Phases of Russian Baroque:

1. Naryshkin Baroque

2. Petrine Baroque

3. Elizabethan Baroque

NARYSHKIN BAROQUE

• also called Moscow Baroque or Muscovite Baroque (1700-1800)

• style of Baroque, favored in Moscow was derived from Peter’s maternal side, the Naryshkin

• fusion of vernacular Russian architecture with European Baroque elements

• Characteristics:

  • octagonal towers

  • Greek cross with 5 cupolas

  • gold cupolas

  • red bricks trimmed with white stone

CHURCH OF THE INTERCESSION OF THE VIRGIN, Fili (NARYSHKIN BAROQUE EXAMPLES)

one of the most beautiful Naryshkin Baroque buildings

CHURCH OF THE RESURRECTION, Kadashi (NARYSHKIN BAROQUE EXAMPLES)

red brick church lavishly decorated with white carvings and other elements typical of the time

PETROVSKY PALACE, Moscow (NARYSHKIN BAROQUE EXAMPLES)

by Matvi Kazakov, overnight residence of royal journeys from St. Petersburg to Moscow

CHURCH OF ST. JOHN THE WARRIOR, MOSCOW (NARYSHKIN BAROQUE EXAMPLES)

by Ivan Zarudny, commemorates Russian victory over Sweden

NOVODEVICHY CONVENT, MOSCOW (NARYSHKIN BAROQUE EXAMPLES)

• outstanding example of Naryshkin Baroque

• UNESCO World Heritage, 2004

• Novodevichy Cemetery is remarkable for numerous masterpieces of Russian sculpture represented by sculpted monuments and tombs of outstanding writers, actors, politicians and lots of other celebrities.

PETRINE BAROQUE

• is a name applied by art historians to a style of Baroque architecture and decoration favoured by Peter the Great and employed to design buildings in the newly founded Russian capital, Saint Petersburg, under this monarch and his immediate successors.

• Different from contemporary Naryshkin Baroque, favoured in Moscow, the Petrine Baroque represented a drastic rupture with Byzantine traditions that had dominated Russian architecture for almost a millennium.

• Characteristics:

  • simple volumes

  • flat facades

  • church plans in Latin cross

  • palace plans are symmetrical

PETERHOF IMPERIAL PALACE (now PETRODVORETS)- (PETRINE BAROQUE EAMPLES)

• by Domenico Trezzini in Petrine Baroque in 1714. The style of Trezzini became the foundation for the Petrine Baroque favored throughout Saint Petersburg

• Bartolomeo Rastrelli completed an expansion in 1747, official state residence of the Russian royalty

• Is that all of the fountains operate without the use of pumps.

• Trick fountains are everywhere to the amusement of visitors. They can spurt water anytime you sit on a bench or step on a stone. • referred to as the "Russian Versailles"

• UNESCO World Heritage Site, 1990, now a State Museum

KIKIN HALL, St. Petersburg (PETRINE BAROQUE EAMPLES)

by Andreas Schlüter, one of the oldest residential buildings in St. Petersburg

CHURCH OF THE ARCHANGEL GABRIEL also known as Menshikov Tower (PETRINE BAROQUE EAMPLES)

by Ivan Zarudny and Domenico Trezzini for Prince Alexander Menshikov, earliest extant Petrine Baroque building in Moscow

KADRIORG PALACE, Estonia (PETRINE BAROQUE EAMPLES)

by Peter the Great for his 2nd wife Catherine the Great

KUNSTKAMERA MUSEUM, St. Petersburg (1719) (Museum of Anthropology)- (PETRINE BAROQUE EAMPLES)

• by Georg Johann Mattarnovy, famous for the display of human and animal freaks

• first and oldest museum in Russia, now more than 300 years old

MENSHIKOV PALACE, St. Petersburg (PETRINE BAROQUE EAMPLES)

first stone building in St. Petersburg

SS. PETER and PAUL CATHEDRAL (PETRINE BAROQUE EAMPLES)

by Domenico Trezzini, oldest church in St. Petersburg resting place of Peter the Great and other Russian rulers like the Romanovs

ELIZABETHAN BAROQUE or RASTRELLIAN BAROQUE

Russian Rococo style during the reign of Elizabeth of Russia key figure was Bartolomeo Rastrelli

Characteristics:

• Greek cross with 5 cupolas

• green, blue, white colors

• gold and gilded decorations

• highly ornamented exterior and interior

SMOLNY CATHEDRAL, S. Petersburg (ELIZABETHAN BAROQUE or RASTRELLIAN BAROQUE EXAMPLES)

by Bartolomeo Rastrelli in Baroque style, now a concert venue

CATHEDRAL OF S. ANDREW, Kiev, Ukraine (ELIZABETHAN BAROQUE or RASTRELLIAN BAROQUE EXAMPLES)

by Bartolomeo Rastrelli in Baroque style

ST. NICHOLAS NAVAL CATHEDRAL, St. Petersburg (ELIZABETHAN BAROQUE or RASTRELLIAN BAROQUE EXAMPLES)

dedicated to the Russian Navy

WINTER PALACE, S. Petersburg (now Hermitage Museum)- (ELIZABETHAN BAROQUE or RASTRELLIAN BAROQUE EXAMPLES)

• by Bartolomeo Rastrelli, official residence of the Russian monarchs

• one of the largest, oldest and most prestigious museums in the world

• it features a very spectacular stair called the Jordan Staircase

WINTER PALACE PAVILION, S. Petersburg (ELIZABETHAN BAROQUE or RASTRELLIAN BAROQUE EXAMPLES)

• by Mikhail Zemtsov and Bartolomeo Rastrelli, for entertainment meetings of the courtiers

• It contained a table large enough to seat up to 35 guests. What was unique about the dining room table was that it was equipped with special mechanisms allowing the guests to dine without the presence of servants.

• Once the meal was over, the table was lowered into the floor, the chairs removed, and the dining room opened into a ballroom. Rastrelli was a technical marvel for his time.

CATHERINE PALACE, Tsarskoye Selo (ELIZABETHAN BAROQUE or RASTRELLIAN BAROQUE EXAMPLES)

• by Bartolomeo Rastrelli in Rococo Style, one of the main summer palaces of the Russian tsars

• palace and park complex, is nearly 1km in circumference, with elaborately decorated blue-and-white facades featuring gilded atlantes, caryatids and pilasters designed by German sculptor Johann Franz Dunker, who also worked with Rastrelli on the palace's original interiors.

• world-famous Amber Room is decorated in gold leaf and amber mosaic. It became one of the 8 wonders of the world.

• Amber is the common name for fossilized tree resin. It occurs in different colours, and is widely used for making jewellery and other ornaments. Although not mineralized, amber is sometimes considered as a gemstone