socialisation, culture, and identity

culture

the system of behaviour and beliefs of a society or group, which includes art, music, fashion, lifestyle, etc.

subculture

a culture within a culture. a smaller group of people who share distinctive norms and values within a wider culture. e.g. youth culture, punk culture, etc.

values

beliefs and ideas that society sees as important and are accepted by the majority of society. e.g. success, loyalty, honesty, etc.

norms

expected patterns of behaviour that are based on the values of a culture. e.g. wear clothes in public, join the back of a queue, use a knife and fork to eat, etc.

cultural diversity

the difference and variety found in societies, which can be seen between and within cultures.

cultural hybridity

the crossing or merging of two or more cultures, which can be seen in aspects such as music, fashion, and food. e.g. in uk culture this is often seen in second/third generation immigrants mixing aspects of their parent's culture with aspects of british culture.

high culture

cultural products and activities that are seen to have a high status. e.g. shakespeare, classical music, ballet, etc.

popular culture

cultural products and activities that are enjoyed by the majority of the population. e.g. football, netflix, magazines, etc.

consumer culture

when consumer goods are widely available, and excessive consumption is considered acceptable and normal. shopping is considered a leisure activity.

global culture

the growing trend of cultural products and activities becoming universal and national cultures losing their distinctiveness. e.g. mcdonalds, coca-cola, nike, etc.

globalisation

the process by which societies are becoming increasingly interconnected.

nature/nurture

whether behaviour is influenced more by your genes or your upbringing.

socialisation

the process by which an individual learns the norms and values of society.

primary socialisation

(age 0-5) the first and most important stage of learning.

secondary socialisation

(age 5 upwards) the continuation of this process throughout an individual's life.

agencies of socialisation

institutions that play a part in our socialisation.

examples of agencies of socialisation

family (primary socialisation), workplace, religion, media, education, peer groups.

resocialisation

changing one's norms and values.

social control

ways through which our behaviour is controlled and reinforced by sanctions.

sanctions

used by the mechanisms of social control to either positively reinforce a behaviour to encourage it or to negatively reinforce a behaviour to discourage it.