APUSH Chapters 1-8 Study Guide [Correct Answers]

Questions from Study Guides

The geologically oldest mountains in North America are the

the appalachians

The Indian peoples of the Americas

were divided into many diverse cultures speaking more than two thousand different languages

which of the following was not among the ancient indian agricultures established in north america prior to 1300 ad

the incas

one of the important factors that first stimulated european interest in trade and discovery was

the christian crusaders who brought back a taste for the silks and spices of asia

Among the most important American Indian products to spread to the Old World were

foodstuffs such as corn, beans, and tomatoes

The primary staples of Indian agriculture before european arrival were

corn, beans, and squash

The number of Indians in North America at the time Columbus arrived was approximately

4 million

Before Columbus arrived, the only Europeans known to have visited North America, temporarily, were the

norse

Even before the discovery of the Americas, Portugal became the first nation to enter the slave trade and establish large-scale plantations using slave labor in

the sugar islands off the coast of africa or the atlantic sugar islands

Much of the impetus for Spanish exploration and pursuit of glory in the early 1500s came from Spain's recent

national unification and explusion of muslim moors

A crucial political development that paved the way for the European colonization of America was

the rise of centralized national monarchies such as those of spain, portugal, and france

the primary reason for the drastic decrease in the indian population after the encounter with the europeans was the

indian's lack of resistance to european diseases such as small pox and malaria

Cortes and his men were able to conquer the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan partly because

their leader montezuma believed that cortes was a god whose return was predicted

the flood of gold and silver from spain's new world empire into europe after 1500 played a large role in the

rise of capitalism and modern merchant banking

the belief that the spanish only killed, tortured, and stole in the americas, while contributing nothing good, is called the

black legend

the great ice age

Extended period when glaciers covered most of the North American continent

corn/maize

Staple crop that formed the economic foundation of Indian civilizations.

chaco canyon

important ancient anasazi indian center in new mexico that included a pueblo of six hundred interconnected rooms

portugal

First European nation to send explorers around the west coast of Africa

mali

Flourishing West African kingdom that had its capital and a major islamic university at Timbuktu

Aragon and Castile

The two smaller kingdoms that were united by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella to create the powerful nation of Spain

horse

Animal introduced by Europeans that changed Indian way of life on the Great Plains

smallpox

name one of the major European diseases that devastated Native American populations after 1492

syphillis

sexually transmitted disease originating in the americas that was transmitted and spread among europeans after 1492

Treaty of Tordesillas

treaty of 1492 that aimed to divide all of the americas between spain and portugal

Tenochtitlan

Wealthy and populous capital of the Aztec empire

mestizos

term for a person of mixed european and indian ancestry

pope's rebellion

A major Pueblo uprising of 1680 caused by Spanish efforts to suppress the Indians' religious practices

noche triste

Spanish term for the night of June 30, 1520, when war began between Aztecs and Spanish, leading to Spanish conquest of Mexico

franciscan

Roman Catholic religious order of friars that organized a chain of missions in California

ferdinand and isabella

Financiers and beneficiaries of Columbus's voyages to the New World

hernan cortes and francisco pizzaro

spanish conquerors of great indian civilizations

lake bonnevile

Inland sea left by melting glaciers whose remnant is the Great Salt Lake

dias and da gama

Portuguese navigators who sailed around the African coast

Christopher Columbus

Italian-born explorer who thought that he had arrived off the coast of Asia rather than on unknown continents

malinche

Female Indian slave who served as interpreter for Cortes

moctezuma

powerful aztec emperor who fell to spanish conquerors

hiawatha

legendary powerful founder of the iroquois confederacy

st. augustine

founded in 1565 and is the oldest inhabited european settlement in us history

John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto)

italian born navigator sent by the english to explore the north american coast in 1498

junipero serra

franciscan misssionary who settled california

barolome de las casas

Dominican friar who sympathized with Indians and protested cruel Spanish policies in the New World

After decades of religious turmoil, Protestantism finally gained permanent dominance in England after the succession to the throne of

queen elizabeth I

england's first two north american colonies, which completely failed, were launched in

newfoundland and north carolina

Imperial England and English soldiers developed a contemptuous attitude toward "natives" partly through their colonizing experiences in

ireland

England's victory over the Spanish Armada gave it

naval dominance of the Atlantic Ocean and a vibrant sense of nationalism.

at the time of its first efforts, england was

undergoing rapid and disruptive economic and social transformations

Many of the early Puritan settlers of America were

displaced farmers from eastern and western England.

England's first colony at Jamestown

was saved from failure by John Smith's leadership and by John Rolfe's introduction of tobacco

representative government was introduced to the americas in the colony of

virginia

One important difference between the founding of the Virginia and Maryland colonies was that virginia

was founded as a strictly economic venture, while maryland was intended partly to secure religious freedom for persecuted roman catholics

After the Act of Toleration in 1649, Maryland provided religious freedom for all

protestants and catholics

the primary reason that no new english colonies were founded between 1634 and 1670 was the

civil war in england

The early conflicts between English settlers and the Indians near Jamestown laid the basis for the

forced separation of the indians into the separate territories of the reservation system

After the defeat of the coastal Tuscarora and Yamasee Indians by North Carolinians in 1711-1715

the powerful creeks, cherokees, and iroquois remained in the appalachian mountains as a barrier against white settlement

Most of the early white settlers in North Carolina were

religious dissenters and poor whites fleeing aristocratic virginia

this high-minded philanthropists who founded the georgia colony were especially interested in the cause of

prison reform

ireland

Nation where English Protestant rulers employed brutal tactics against the local Catholic population

roanoke

Island colony founded by Sir Walter Raleigh that mysteriously disappeared in the 1580s

spanish armada

naval invaders defeated by english sea dogs in 1588

the joint stock company

Forerunner of the modern corporation that enabled investors to pool financial capital for colonial ventures.

anglo-powhatan wars

Name of two wars, fought in 1614 and 1644, between the English in Jamestown and the nearby Indian leader

barbados slave code of 1661

The harsh system of laws governing African labor, first developed in Barbados and later officially adopted by South Carolina in 1696

House of Burgesses

the virginia assembly that first established local representative self-government for english settlers in north america

Indentured Servants

Penniless people obligated to engage in unpaid labor for a fixed number of years, usually in exchange for passage to the New World or other benefits

roman catholics

Persecuted English religious minority for whom colonial Maryland was intended to be a refuge

squatters

Poor farmers in North Carolina and elsewhere who occupied land and raised crops without gaining legal title to the soil

florida

Spain's North American colony from which Spanish intruders periodically threatened English settlers in Georgia and the Carolinas

tobacco

The primary staple crop of early Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina

south carolina

The only southern colony with a slave majority

rice

The primary plantation crop of South Carolina

savnnah

a melting pot town in early colonial georgia

powhatan

Indian leader who ruled tribes in the James River area of Virginia

walter raleigh and humphrey gilbert

Elizabethan courtiers who failed in their attempts to found New World colonies.

roanoke

The failed "lost colony" founded by Sir Walter Raleigh

john smith

virginia leader saved by pocahantas

virginia

Colony that established a House of Burgesses in 1619

maryland

Colony originally founded as a haven for Roman Catholics

lord de la warr

Harsh military governor of Virginia who employed "Irish tactics" against the Indians

john wesley

British founder of the Methodist Church who served for a time as a missionary in colonial Georgia

lord baltimore

The Catholic aristocrat who sought to build a sanctuary for his fellow believers

south carolina

Colony that turned to disease-resistant African slaves for labor in its extensive rice plantations

north carolina

Economically poorer colony that was called "a vale of humility between two mountains of conceit"

georgia

Colony originally founded as a refuge for debtors by philanthropists

James Oglethorpe

Philanthropic soldier-statesman who founded the Georgia colony

elizabeth i

The unmarried ruler who established English Protestantism and fought the Catholic Spanish

jamestown

Riverbank site where Virginia Company settlers planted the first permanent English colony

The principal motivation shaping the earliest settlements in New England was

religious commitment and devotion

Compared with the Plymouth Colony, the Massachusetts Bay Colony was

larger and more prosperous economically

one reason that the massachusetts bay colony was not a true democracy is that

only church members could vote for the governor and the general court

The essential heresy that caused Anne Hutchinson to be convicted and banished from Massachusetts Bay was her declared belief that

she had recieved a direct revelation from god that the saved did to need to obey either human or divine law

roger williams based the religious freedom of his of rhode island on his belief that

civil government had no right to regulate religious behavior or individual conscience

which of the following new england settlements did not become a separate colony, but remained under the direct control of massachusetts

maine

The Indian tribe that the Pilgrim colonists in New England first encountered were the

wampanoags

king philip's war represented

The last major Indian effort to halt New Englanders' encroachment on their lands

the primary value of the new england confederation lay in

providing the first small step on the road to intercolonial cooperation

the event that sparked the collapse of the dominion of new england was

the glorious revolution in england

the dutch colony of new netherland

was harshly and undemocratically governed

the short lived colony conquered by dutch new netherland in 1655 was

new sweden

William Penn's colony of Pennsylvania

actively sought settlers from Germany and other non-British countries