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Writ
Notifies the defendant of the case and informs them that litigation has been initiated against them
Purpose of a Writ
Promoting the timely resolution of disputes, by providing a timeline for the execution of the writ, which gives the defendant a certain amount of time to decide whether they intend to defend the claim.
Administrative Convenience + Access
The allocation of cases within the courts according to their complexity
Promotes access by reducing the likelihood of delays, and allows people to access the courts resources in a timely manner
Damages
The defendant paying a sum of money to compensate for the injury or damage suffered by the plaintiff
Purpose of Damages
Returning them to the position they were in prior to the loss or damage occurring, by providing them with financial compensation
General Damages
Amounts of compensation that cannot be accurately assessed
The judge and jury estimate the monetary value
Special Damages
Amounts of compensation that can be accurately assessed, and expenses can be calculated directly
Exemplary Damages
The defendant being ordered to pay a large amount of money to punish them and deter others from acting in the same way
Burden of Proof
The Burden of Proof lies with the plaintiff in civil cases
Standard of Proof
The amount of evidence the plaintiff must present to the court to win
On the balance of probabilities
Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal (VCAT)
An independent government body established to resolve disputes at tribunal in an efficient and cost-effective manner
Costs (Considerations when initiating a civil claim)
The cost of legal proceedings could be greater than the amount of compensation or damages awarded
Limitation of Actions (Considerations when initiating a civil claim)
The maximum time limit that a plaintiff has to initiate a civil claim against a defendant
Arbitration
An arbitrator listening to the evidence and arguments of both parties, and making an order that is legally binding
Conciliation
An impartial third party listening to both sides and suggesting ways in which the parties could resolve the dispute
Advantages of Arbitration
Provides a legally binding decision and is more informal than court
Advantages of Conciliation
Results in both parties reaching a mutually acceptable decision (win-win outcome), and is cheaper than Arbitration
Conciliation is least appropriate:
When the parties are not willing to negotiate in good faith
Arbitration is most appropriate:
When a legally binding decision is required, in favour of only one party
Costs
Involve the plaintiff having to pay expensive legal fees associated with legal representation and court costs
Cost impact on Principles of Justice
High costs diminish fairness:
May result in an unfair outcome for parties from a low socioeconomic background
High costs diminish equality:
Those unable to afford representation are at risk of unequal treatment
High costs restrict access:
Individual is unable to access legal information, advice, and representation
Recent Reform: Improvements to VCAT (Annual Report 2017-2018)
VCAT conducted an online pilot using web-based dispute resolution technologies
Promotes access by reducing the cost of in-person court fees, while still allowing the individual to resolve their dispute