section 3 prep

what is the sonographic appearance of an abnormal lymph node?

homogenous texture

what is the most common cause of hyperparathyroidism?

adenoma

which neck muscle(s) is/are located near the thyroid gland?

all of these neck muscles are located near the thyroid gland

where are the parathyroid glands normally located?

posterior borders of the medial lobes of the thyroid

how many lobes make up a normal thyroid gland?

2

what structure connects the lobes of the thyroid gland?

isthmus

what are the sonographic image characteristics of the normal thyroid gland and its surrounding structures?

all of these are correct

which statement best describes the sonographic image characteristics of thyroid carcinoma?

the sonographic appearance is highly variable

what neck structure lies medial to the thyroid gland?

trachea

what neck anomaly presents as a palpable midline mass located between the hyoid bone and isthmus of the thyroid gland and anterior to the trachea

thyroglossal duct cyst

how many parathyroid glands are normally present?

4

what is a characteristic of thyroid cysts?

the vast majority of thyroid cysts result from hemorrhage or degenerative changes in an adenoma

the thyroid is an endocrine gland that regulates metabolic function through the production of which hormone?

triiodothyronine (T3)

which carcinoma is the msot common cause of thyroid malignancy?

papillary

what is a consistent sonographic finding of a thyroid adenoma?

thin hypoechoic halo

what disease process(es) can result in thyroiditis?

all of these

a patient presents with osteoporosis and enlarged parathyroid glands are noted during the ultrasound exam. what would be your differential diagnosis?

all of these are correct

which organs are affected by parathyroid hormone?

kidneys, skeletal system, intestines

what is a cystic formation lateral to the thyroid gland?

brachial cleft cyst

what is the most common cause of thyroid disorders worldwide?

diet low in iodine

what are the dimensions (in mm) or normal parathyroid glands?

5 × 3 ×1

what is a clinical sign of a thyroid goiter?

thyroid gland enlargement

the cavernous branch of the common penile artery supplies the _______.

corpus cavernosum

matching: peyronie’s disease

acquired deformity caused by fibrosis of the tunica albuginea

matching: ischemic priapism

persistent unwanted erection due to impaired blood drainage

matching: nonischemic priapism

persistant unwanted erection due to trauma

matching: erectile dysfunction

disruption to the normal physiological process of increased arterial flow and increase venous resistance in the penile vessels

what surface of the penis is used for sonographic imaging?

ventral

what sonographic image characteristics are commonly associated with prostatitis?

all are correct

what is the name of the region within the prostate where the ejaculatory ducts join the urethra?

verumontanum

how many luminal structures (passageways) are there through the normal prostate gland?

three

how many zones make up the glandular tissue of the normal prostate gland?

four

which zone of the prostate gland is most often the site of malignancies and infections?

peripheral

what laboratory test uses a sample of the patient’s blood to look for evidence related to prostate cancer?

prostate-specific antigen (psa)

which anatomic structure within the prostate is used to divide the gland into the anterior (fibromuscular) and posterior (glandular) sections?

urethra

what is the most common sonographic image characteristics of prostate cancer?

hypoechoic mass

what is the normal resting diameter of the cavernosal artery?

0.3 - 0.7 mm

which zone of the prostate gland is most often involved in benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)

transitional

which statement about the scrotum is/are true?

a small amount of fluid in the scrotum is normal

what surgical procedure is used to move an undescended testicle into the scrotum?

orchiopexy

what are the sonographic image characteristics of a normal testicle?

homogenous pattern with fine, medium level echos

what is the hyperechoic line coursing through the testis in a craniocaudal direction?

mediastinum testis

what is the most common cause of acute scrotal pain in adult males?

epididymo-orchitis

which scanning feature can improve contrast resolution and the visibility of low-level echos?

harmnoics

where is the epididymis normally located?

posterior and superior to the testis

acute scrotal pain and swelling in adolescent males are suggestive of which medical condition?

testicular torsion

what is/are the sonographic characteristic(s) of malignant testicular neoplasms

all are correct

what is/are the characteristic sonographic finding(s) of testicular torsion?

all are correct

which structure is attached at the superior pole of the testicle and is located between the epididymis and the testicle?

appendix testis

where are spermatoceles located?

in the head of the epididymis, superior to the testis

which statement(s) about varicoceles is/are true?

all of these statements are true

which medical problem may occur secondary to the onset of epididymitis?

orchitis

which statements about an undescended testicle (cryptochordism) are true?

all of these are true

which of the following is an example of a bipennate muscle?

gastrocnemius

a common communicating bursa seen in the popliteal fossa is called:

baker cyst

the saclike structure that surrounds joints and tendons and contains viscous fluid is called

bursa

what is the structure that connects bone to bone?

ligament

what tendon is largest in the body?

achilles tendon

what tendon in the rotator cuff is the most frequently affected by a full-thickness tear?

supraspinatus

acute tears can appear as ________ defects in the tendon

hypoechoic

muscles are attached by

tendons

transverse views of a normal tendon will appear as a(n):

echogenic, oval soft tissue structure

while performing an exam on the rotator cuff, the biceps tendon wil be seen as an echogenic structure located in the

bicipital groove of the humeral head

which imaging plane will demonstrate skeletal muscles are homogenous with multiple, fine parallel echos?

longitudinal

which of the following best describes the sonographic appearance of nerves

hypoechoic to tendons, hyperechoic to muscle