L26 Infectious Disease

What is a disturbance in state of health where the body can't carry out normal functions?

Disease

What are the 4 categories of disease?

hereditary, deficiency, physiological, and infectious

What prevents disease by triggering adaptive immune responses in the absence of pathogen through artificial exposure to Ag (antigen) causing a 1° response, followed by later, natural exposure to pathogen causing a 2° response?

Vaccines

What type of disease involves pathogens (infectious agents) including viruses, bacteria, helminths, protozoa, and fungi?

Infectious disease

What is the mode that includes person-to-person, bites by insects & other animals, and ingestion?

—Transmission

What relationship includes pathogen ability to cause disease and host immune defenses?

Host-pathogen relationship

What type of vaccine uses a weakened pathogen, is closest to natural infection, produces strong adaptive responses, requires 1 or 2 doses for often lifelong immunity, but may possibly revert to virulent form and requires refrigeration?

Live, attenuated vaccines

Ex: MMR & Chickenpox

What type of vaccine uses a pathogen that is killed/inactive, is safer because it can't revert, is stable with no refrigeration required, and stimulates a weaker immune response requiring booster shots?

Inactivated vaccines

EX: flu shot, polio. and hepattitis A

What type of vaccine uses an Ag that best stimulates response, is safe & stable, produces a weaker immune response requiring booster shots, and includes hepatitis B as an example?

Subunit Vaccines

What type of vaccine uses synthetic mRNA that codes for Ag, is introduced into the body and into cells, where ribosomes produce Ag and trigger an immune response?

mRNA vaccines

What describes the minimum fraction of the population that must be vaccinated to prevent a disease from spreading, where vaccinating a large % of the population interrupts transmission and vaccinated people defend (shield) unvaccinated people against disease?

Herd immunity

What virus has ssRNA and surface proteins hemagglutinin (H), which attaches to receptors on host cells, and neuraminidase (N), which functions in release of virus from the host cell and defines strain such as H2N2 and H2N3?

Influenza (flu)

What are some examples of Influenza pandemics?

1918 flu oandemic: H1N1

2009 H1N1 pandemic

What drug inhibits influenza neuraminidase, prevents release from host cell, and limits spread of virus throughout the respiratory tract?

Tamiflu

What ssRNA virus has RNA recognized by host ribosomes and translated, glycoprotein spikes on the envelope giving a crown-like appearance (corona), and is part of a large family of viruses with many different hosts?

SARS-CoV-2

What group of viruses includes seven human CoVs, where four cause common colds & mild respiratory infections, three cause respiratory & extra-respiratory disease, and vary in severity and cause epidemics?

Coronavirus (CoV)

What are respiratory droplets from coughing/sneezing and close contact referred to?

Transmission

What is the basic reproduction number defined as R₀, where R₀ = 3 means each patient transmits infection to 3 individuals and control measures aim to get R₀ below one?

R₀ (R-not)

What disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, transmitted by tick bites, and if untreated can lead to arthritis, heart disease, and death?

Lyme disease

What food-borne bacterium associated with deli meats causes intestinal illness (diarrhea & vomiting), invasive illness (fever, flu-like symptoms, seizures, death), and in pregnancy can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, and infant complications?

Listeria monocytogenes

What drugs are used to kill or prevent growth of bacteria, are widely used on non-human animals (80%), and create a big problem of selection for resistance (ex: MRSA)?

Antibiotics

What symbiotic relationship involves a parasite benefiting (+) while the host can be harmed (−)?

Parasitism

What organism is a different species than the host, smaller than the host, lives in or on the host, obtains resources from the host, has greater reproductive potential than the host, and has the potential of harming the host?

Parasite

What are two types of parasites?

ectoparasites: on the surface of host

endoparasites: inside of host

What organisms are parasites?

- Not viruses

- Not Bacteria

Eukaryotes:

Helminths ( worms)

- Cestodes (Platyhelminthes) and trematodes ( roundworms)

Protozoa

- Arthropods