Plant Reproduction

what is asexual reproduction

genetic clones, the offspring are identical to the parent

What does totipotent mean? (asexual)

any plant CELL can become a whole new plant (being able to regrow form cuttings)

What is Vegetative Reproduction

(most common) making new indiviuals’s using NON reproductive structures (stems, roots, leaves)

What are some types of the asexual reproductions

stolon/Rhizome, Bulbs, tubers, corms, adventitious root, suckers (new shoots arise from roots) and plantlets

Apomixis

seeds made without fertilization

What is the advantage of asexual reproduction

It is ver effiicient

What is the disadvantage of asexual reproduction?

Genetically similar populations are more likely to succumb to diseases

What are the two main processes in sexual reproduction?

Meiosis and Fertilization

Sperm

male gametes that contribute genetic information (DNA), but few or no nutrients, to the offspring

Eggs

female gametes that contribute both DNA and a store of nutrients to thew offspring

What are the three different sexual reproductive structures of Angiosperms

FLOWER makes the gametes, SEEDS house the embryo, FRUIT protect and disperse seeds

what is a perfect flower?

flowers contains both stamens and carpels

What is imperfect flower

flowers contains either stamens or carpels

What are monoecious plants

plants have separate stamen - and carpel producing flowers on the same individual

what are dioecious plants

plants have either stamen or carpel producing flowers on different plants

What is a Sporophyte

the regular plant body (roots, stems, leaves)

What is the first stage of a baby sporophyte

It is the seed

What happens as the seeds matures?

inside the ovule, embryo develops, endosperm develops(its food/nutrients supply), get wrapped together in a protective layer called seed coat

What happens to the ovary

the ovary surrounding the ovule, starts to grow and turn into a fruit, protect seed, helps with dispersal

How does seed germination happen

(imbibition) seed absorbs water, waked up seed starts using oxygen and activating enzymes, (Metabolic activation) water uptake stops, making new mRNAS, making new proteins, rebuilding mitochondria so it can produce more energy, then water uptake resumes, seed begins active growth, cells expand seed coat finally spilts open

Simple fruit

develops from a single flower one carpel or fused carpels (ex: cherry)

Aggregate fruit

develops from a single flower with many separate carpels (ex black berry)mu

multiple fruit

develops from many flowers with many carpels (pineapple)

How are male gametophytes produced

Inside the anther, is a microsporangia which inside that is a mircosporcyte (diploid) —> meiosis —> 4 micropores —> mitosis —> pollen grains (haploid)

Female gametophytes..

are encased in an ovary, are retained in the flower, produce an egg, egg cell is located at once end of the gametophyte near an opening to the ovule called the micropyle

Fertilization in angiosperms

pollen germination, pollen tube grows throughout eh style, pollen tube reaches the micropyle it grows through it and enters the interior of the female gametophyte, then fertilization

Seed free plants

Bryophytes (mosses liverworts, hornworts) Seed-free vascular plants (lycophytes and ferns) fertilization via swimming sperm

What happened to plants that don’t form pollen

Sperm must swim to the egg or are otherwise transferred to the egg through water

How do Gymnosperms pollinate

they rely on wind

How do Gymnosperms reproduce

Gametophytes are reduced and dependent on sporophyte for nutrition, fertilization via pollen transfer(wind) the seed consists of the embryo and nutrients stores