Microbiology 2260K - Final

commensals

The best descriptive term for the resident microbes is

urethra

Resident microbiota are commonly found in the

lungs

Normal resident microbes are absent from the

toxins, exoenzymes, and capsules

Virulence factors include

damage red blood cells

The specific action of hemolysins is to

period of incubation

The ______ is the time that lapses between encounter with a pathogen and the first symptoms.

prodrome

A short period early in a disease that manifests with general malaise and achiness is the

bacteremia

The presence of a few bacteria in the blood is termed

HAI

A ______ infection is acquired through exposure in a hospital setting.

mechanical vector

A(n) ______ is a passive animal transporter of pathogens.

tetanus

An example of a noncommunicable infection is

leukocytosis

A general term that refers to an increased white blood cell count is

endemic

The occurrence of Lyme disease mainly in areas where certain species of ticks live would define it as a(n) ______ disease.

sign

A positive antibody test for HIV would be a ______ of infection.

the meninges

Which of the following would not be a portal of entry?

a. the meninges

b. the placenta

c. skin

d. small intestine

test the effects of a pathogen on humans

Which of the following is not a condition of Koch's postulates?

a. isolate the causative agent of disease

b. cultivate the microbe in a lab

c. inoculate a test animal to observe the disease

d. test the effects of a pathogen on humans

lysozyme in saliva

An example/examples of a nonspecific chemical barrier to infection is/are

ciliary lining

Which nonspecific host defense is associated with the trachea?

neutrophils

Which of the following blood cells function primarily as phagocytes?

a. eosinophils

b. basophils

c. lymphocites

d. neutrophils

thyroid gland

Which of the following is not a lymphoid tissue?

a. spleen

b. thyroid gland

c. lymph node

d. GALT

Peyer's patches

What is included in GALT?

PAMP

A signaling molecule from microbes recognized by phagocytes is

agranular; macrophages

Monocytes are ______ leukocytes that develop into ______.

dolor

Which of the following inflammatory signs specifies pain?

a. tumor

b. calor

c. dolor

d. rubor

phagocytes that recognize foreign molecules

Toll-like receptors are proteins on ______.

histamine

An example of an inflammatory mediator that stimulates vasodilation is

a fibrin clot

______ is an example of an inflammatory mediator that stimulates chemotaxis.

endotoxin

An example of an exogenous pyrogen is

alpha; natural killer cells

______ interferon, produced by T lymphocytes, activates cells called ______ and is involved in destroying viruses.

the classic complement pathway

In what process is tumor necrosis factor (TNF) not involved?

bradykinin

Which of the following substances is not produced by phagocytes to destroy engulfed microorganisms?

a. hydroxyl radical

b. superoxide anion

c. hydrogen peroxide

d. bradykinin

membrane attack complex

Which of the following is the end product of the complement system?

a. properdin

b. cascade reaction

c. membrane attack complex

d. complement factor C9

secondary lymphoid tissue

The spleen is considered a

all of the above

Which of the following is/are a pyogenic coccus/cocci?

a. Streptococcus

b. Neisseria

c. Staphylococcus

d. all of the above

other staphylococci

The coagulase test is used primarily to differentiate Staphylococcus aureus from

erythrogenic toxin

The symptoms in scarlet fever are due to

group A streptococci

The most severe streptococcal diseases are caused by

heart valves; kidney

Rheumatic fever damages the ______, and glomerulonephritis damages the ______.

alpha-

______ hemolysis is the partial lysis of red blood cells due to bacterial hemolysins.

subacute endocarditis

Viridans streptococci commonly cause

VRSA

Which of the following strains of pathogens has the lowest incidence?

a. VRE

b. VRSA

c. MRSA

d. MRSE

middle ear; Streptococcus pneumoniae

Otitis media is a(n) ______ infection often caused by ______.

Neisseria

Which genus of bacteria has pathogens that can cause blindness?

production of oxidase

An important test for identifying Neisseria is

infertility

A complication of genital gonorrhea in both men and women is

endotoxins in the blood

What virulence factor is associated with the development of skin hemorrhages in meningitis?

Staphylococcus aureus

Which infectious agent of those covered in the chapter (chp. 18) would most likely be acquired from a contaminated doorknob?

a. Staphylococcus aureus

b. Streptococcus pyogenes

c. Neisseria meningitidis

d. Streptococcus pneumoniae

all of these

Which of the following effects is/are caused by the formation of an infectious biofilm?

a. disseminated infection

b. failure of drug therapy

c. colonization of tissues

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. all of these

a boil

What is a furuncle?

focal infection of long bones

What is osteomyelitis?

enzyme of pathogenic S. aureus

What is coagulase?

cause of scarlet fever symptoms

What is an erythrogenic toxin?

long-term sequelae of strep throat

What is rheumatic fever?

complete red blood cell lysis

What is beta-hemolysis?

solidification of lung alveoli

What is consolidation?

cause of tooth abscesses

What are viridans streptococci?

cutaneous infection of group A streps

What is erysipelas?

heart colonization by oral streps

What is endocarditis?

substance involved in heart valve damage

What is streptolysin?

enzyme that dissolves clots

What is streptokinase?

cell wall

Which structure is not a component of all cells?

they are not cells, they cannot reproduce by themselves, and they lack metabolism

Viruses are not considered living things because

cytoskeleton

Which of the following is not found in all bacterial cells?

a. cell membrane

b. a nucleoid

c. ribosomes

d. cytoskeleton

flagella

The major locomotor structures in bacteria are

gram-negative; genetic exchange

Pili are appendages in ______ bacteria that serve as a means of ______.

a capsule

An example of a glycocalyx is

support

Which of the following is a primary bacterial cell wall function?

a. transport

b. motility

c. support

d. adhesion

peptidoglycan

Which of the following is present in both gram-positive and gram-negative cell walls?

a. an outer membrane

b. peptidoglycan

c. teichoic acid

d. lippolysaccharides

polyphosphate; Corynebacterium

Metachromatic granules are concentrated ______ found in ______.

mycoplasmas

Which of the following prokaryotes lacks cell walls?

a. rickettsias

b. mycoplasmas

c. Mycobacterium

d. archaea

endotoxins; fever

The LPS layer in gram-negative cell walls releases _____ that cause _____.

survival

Bacterial endospores function in

sarcina

An arrangement in packets of eight cells is described as a ______.

the nature of motility

The major difference between a spirochete and a spirillum is

firmicutes

Which phylum contains bacteria with a gram-positive cell wall?

domain bacteria

To which taxonomic group do cyanobacteria belong?

gram stain

Which stain is used to distinguish differences between the cell walls of medically important bacteria?

an archaeron

The first living cells on earth would most likely resemble which of these?

glycocalyx

Which bacterial structure is most directly involved in the formation of a biofilm?

quorum sensing

The regulation of gene expression in a biofilm is referred to as

protozoa

Flagella and cilia are primarily found in

ribosomes, a double membrane structure, and pores that allow communication with the cytoplasm

Features of the nuclear envelope include

fungi and algae

The cell wall is usually found in which eukaryotes?

ribosomes

What is embedded in rough endoplasmic reticulum?

unicellular; filamentous

Yeasts are _____ fungi, and molds are _____ fungi.

digesting organic substrates

In general, fungi derive nutrients through

septate

A hypha divided into compartments by cross walls is called

chlorophyll

Algae generally contain some type of

chlorophyta

Which algal group is most closely related to plants?

spore

Which characteristic is not typical of protozoan cells?

active feeding stage

The protozoan trophozoite is the

mosquito

Humans are infected with Plasmodium through the bite of a

eggs and sperm

Parasitic helminths reproduce with

rickettsias

Mitochondria likely originated from

skin, mucous membranes, and lungs

Human fungal infections involve and affect what areas of the human body?

spread through major systems of the body

Most helminth infections

a single-celled alga that has a cell wall of silica

What is a diatom?

genus of black bread mold

What is Rhizopus?

fungal cause of Ohio Valley fever

What is histoplasma?

a yeast that infects the lungs

What is cryptococcus?