psychology unit 3

developmental psychology

study of patterns of growth and change that occur throughout life

cross sectional research

compares people of different ages at the same point in time

longitudinal research

assesses the behavior of one or more participants as the participants get older

chromosomes

rod shaped structures that contain all basic hereditary information

germinal period

first 2 weeks of the zygotes growth

embryonic

starts 2 weeks after conception and goes to the 8th week, developing into an embryo

fetus

developing individual 8 weeks after conception until birth

neonate

newborn child

reflexes

unlearned, involuntary responses that occur automatically

habituation

decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus

attachment

positive emotional bond that develops between a child and particular individual

authoritarian parents

rigid and punitive, value unquestioning obedience from their children

permissive parents

give their children relaxed or inconsistent direction

authoritative parents

firm and set limits for their children, as children get older they try to reason and explain things to them

uninvolved parents

show little interest in their children, emotionally detached

psychosocial development

development of individuals interactions and understanding of each other and of their knowledge and understanding of themselves as members of society

trust vs mistrust stage

first stage of psychosocial development, from birth to 1.5 years

autonomy vs shame and doubt stage

second stage of psychosocial development, period where toddlers develop autonomy if they experience freedom and exploration, but develop doubt if they are restricted and overprotected

initiative vs guilt stage

third stage of psychosocial development, period where children 3-6 years experience conflict b/w independence of action and sometimes negative results of that action

industry vs inferiority

last stage of childhood, 6-12 years, may develop positive social interactions with others or may feel inadequate and become less sociable

cognitive development

process by which a childs understanding of the world changes due to their age and experience

sensorimotor stage

children base their understanding of the world primarily on touching, sucking, chewing, shaking, and manipulating objects

object permanence

awareness that objects and people continue to exist even if they are out of sight

pre operational stage

children develop the use of language; their internal representational system allows them to describe people, events, and feelings

egocentric thought

a way of thinking in which the child views the world entirely from their own perspective

principle of conservation

understanding that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of the objects

concrete operational stage

period from ages 7-12 characterized by logical thought and loss of egocentrism

formal operational stage

produces new kind of thinking that is abstract, formal, and logical, thinking is no longer tied to events that individuals observe

information processing

the way in which people take in, use, and store information

metacognition

awareness and understanding of ones own cognitive processes, planning, monitoring, and revising of cognitive strategies

zone of proximal development

the gap between what children already are able to accomplish on their own and what they are not quite ready to do by themselves

adolescence

developmental stage b/w childhood and adulthood

puberty

period at which maturation of the sexual organs occur

identity vs role confusion stage

time in adolescence of major testing to determine ones unique qualities

intimacy vs isolation stage

period during early adulthood that focuses on developing close relationships

generativity vs stagnation stage

period in middle adulthood where we take stock of our contributions to family and society

ego integrity vs despair stage

period from late adulthood to death, where we review lifes accomplishments and failures

teratogen

any non genetic agent that produces birth defect when exposures commonly occur

personality

pattern of enduring characteristics that produce consistency and individuality in a given person

traits

consistent, habitual personality characteristics and behaviors that are displayed across different situations

trait theory

model of personality that seeks to identify the basic traits necessary to describe personality

cardinal traits

single, overriding characteristic that motivates most of a person’s behavior

central traits

describe an individuals major characteristics, people typically have 5-10 of them

secondary traits

characteristics that affect behavior in fewer situations, less influential

factor analysis

statistical method of identifying patterns among a large number of variables and combining them into more fundamental groupings

factors

fundamental patterns of traits

extraversion dimension

describes a person’s level of sociability

neuroticism dimension

encompasses an individuals emotional stability

psychoticism dimensions

degree to which reality is distorted

social cognitive approaches to personality

emphasize the influence of cognition, and observation of others’ behavior on personality

self efficacy

belief that we can master a situation and produce positive outcomes

cognitive-affective processing system theory

argues that peoples thoughts and emotions about themselves and the world determine how they view and react in particular situations

self esteem

component of personality that encompasses our positive and negative evaluations of ourselves

biological and evolutionary approaches to personality

approach that suggests that important components of personality are inherited

temperament

individuals behavioral style and characteristic way of responding

humanistic approaches to personality

approach that emphasizes people’s inherent goodness and their tendency to move toward higher levels of functioning

psychodynamic approaches to personality

approach based on idea that personality is primarily unconscious and motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness

psychoanalytic theory

theory that assumes that much of our behavior is driven by unconscious determinants

unconscious

part of the personality that contains memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and instincts of which the individual is not aware

id

the instinctual and un organized part of personality, primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses, operates according to the pleasure principle

ego

the rational and logical part of personality, attempts to balance the desires of the id and realities of the objective outside world, operates according to the reality principle

superego

the part of personality that harshly judges the morality of our behavior, represents the rights and wrongs of society s taught and modeled by role models, includes conscience

psychosexual stages

developmental periods that children pass through during which they encounter conflicts b/w demands of society and their own sexual urges

fixation

conflicts or concerns that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur

oral stage

first stage of psychosexual development , age 12-18 months, infants center of pleasure is the mouth

anal stage

second psychosexual stage, age 12 months to 3 years, childs pleasure is centered on the anus

phallic stage

third psychosexual stage, beginning around age 3, childs pleasure focuses on the genitals

oedipal conflict

childs intense, sexual interest in their opposite sex parent

identification

process of wanting to be like another person as much as possible

latency period

fourth psychosexual stage, typically around age 5-6, childrens sexual concerns are temporarily put aside

genital stage

final psychosexual stage, mature sexual behavior, intercourse

repression

occurs when the ego pushes unacceptable or unpleasant thoughts and impulses out of consciousness but maintains them in the unconscious

psychological tests

standard measures devised to assess behavior objectively, used by psychologists to help people make decisions about their lives and understand more abt themselves

self report measure

method of gathering data about people by asking them questions abt their own behavior and traits

projective personality test

test where a person is shown an ambiguous stimulus and asked to describe it or tell a story to infer info abt their personality

behavioral assessment

direct measures of an individuals behavior designed to describe characteristics indicative of personality

abnormal behavior

behavior that causes people to experience distress and hinders them from functioning in their daily lives

medical perspective

perspective that suggests that when an individual displays symptoms of abnormal behavior, the root cause will be found in a physical examination

psychoanalytic perspective

perspective that suggests that abnormal behavior stems from childhood conflicts over opposing wishes regarding sex and aggression

behavioral perspective

perspective that looks at the rewards and punishments in the environment that determine abnormal behavior

cognitive perspective

perspective that suggests that peoples thoughts and beliefs are central components of abnormal behavior

humanistic perspective

perspective that emphasizes the responsibility people have for their own behavior, even when such behavior is abnormal

sociocultural perspective

perspective that assumes that society and culture shape abnormal behavior

DSM-5-TR

most widely used system to classify and define psychological disorderes

anxiety

feeling of apprehension or tension in reaction to stressful situations

anxiety disorders

occurrence of anxiety without an obvious external cause that affects daily functioning

specific phobia

intense, irrational fear of a specific object or situation

panic disorder

anxiety disorder that takes the form of panic attacks lasting from a few seconds to several hours

generalized anxiety disorder

experience of long-term, persistent anxiety and worry

obsessive compulsive disorder

people are plagued by unwanted thoughts, obsessions, or feel that they must carry our behaviors, compulsions, they feel driven to perform

obsession

persistent, unwanted thought or idea that keeps recurring

compulsions

irresistible urges to repeatedly carry out some behavior that seems strange and unreasonable, even to them

somatic symptom disorders

psychological difficulties that take on a physical form for which there is no medical cause

illness anxiety disorder

a somatic symptom disorder in which people have a constant fear of illness and a preoccupation with their health

functional neurologic disorder

major somatic symptom disorder that involves a physical disturbance, such as inability to use a sensory organ or inability to move an arm or leg

dissociative disorders

psychological dysfunctions characterize by separation of different facts of a person personality

dissociative identity disorder

disorder where a person displays characteristics of two or more distinct personalities

dissociative anemia

dissociative disorder when significant selective memory loss occurs

dissociative fugue

form of amnesia in which a person leaves home suddenly and assumes a new identity

mood disorders

disturbance in emotional experience that is strong enough to interfere with everyday living