Christian Heritage 12-16
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81 Terms
Who became bishop of Rome in 590 CE and helped shape the medieval papacy?
Gregory the Great.
Why is Gregory the Great important?
He strengthened papal authority and organized missionary work.
What missionary did Gregory send to England?
Augustine of Canterbury.
What was Gregory's view of pastoral leadership?
A bishop should be both a spiritual shepherd and servant.
What influential book did Gregory write?
Pastoral Rule.
What is Gregorian Chant?
A style of liturgical music traditionally associated with Gregory the Great.
How did Gregory contribute to medieval Christianity?
He united theology
What event helped increase the pope's political influence?
The collapse of the Western Roman Empire.
Why did the bishop of Rome gain authority after Rome's fall?
He became one of the few stable leaders in Western Europe.
What title is often given to Gregory?
The last of the Latin Fathers and first medieval pope.
What was the medieval papacy's primary claim?
That the pope possessed unique authority as Peter's successor.
What is apostolic succession?
The belief that church authority is passed down from the apostles through bishops.
Why was Rome considered the leading church?
It was associated with Peter and Paul and was the imperial capital.
What role did missionaries play in early medieval Christianity?
They spread Christianity throughout Europe.
How did Gregory influence worship?
He promoted liturgical order and church music.
What relationship existed between Church and state during Gregory's time?
The Church increasingly filled political leadership roles.
Why was pastoral care central to Gregory's theology?
Christian leaders should serve rather than seek power.
What lasting institution grew stronger under Gregory?
The medieval papacy.
Why is Gregory considered a bridge between ancient and medieval Christianity?
He preserved patristic theology while shaping medieval institutions.
What characterized Gregory's leadership?
Practical administration combined with theological conviction.
What caused the Great Schism of 1054?
Growing theological
In what year did the Great Schism occur?
1054 CE.
Which churches separated in the Great Schism?
The Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
What language dominated the Western Church?
Latin.
What language dominated the Eastern Church?
Greek.
What theological issue contributed to the Schism?
The Filioque controversy.
What does Filioque mean?
"And the Son."
Why was the Filioque controversial?
The West added it to the Nicene Creed without an ecumenical council.
Who claimed universal authority over the Church?
The Pope in Rome.
How did the Eastern Church view the pope?
As first among equals rather than supreme authority.
What theological emphasis characterized Eastern Christianity?
Mysticism and participation in God's life.
What theological emphasis characterized Western Christianity?
Law
Which city became the center of Eastern Christianity?
Constantinople.
Which city remained the center of Western Christianity?
Rome.
What event permanently divided Eastern and Western Christianity?
The mutual excommunications of 1054.
Did the Schism result from one disagreement?
No
What sacramental practice differed between East and West?
The type of bread used in the Eucharist.
How did political rivalry contribute to the Schism?
Competition between Rome and Constantinople intensified divisions.
What major consequence did the Great Schism have?
Christianity permanently split into Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic traditions.
Does the Great Schism remain today?
Yes
What movement sought to apply reason systematically to theology?
Scholasticism.
Where did Scholasticism primarily develop?
Medieval universities.
Who is the greatest Scholastic theologian?
Thomas Aquinas.
What philosophy heavily influenced Aquinas?
Aristotle's philosophy.
What is Aquinas' most famous work?
Summa Theologica.
What did Aquinas believe about faith and reason?
They ultimately agree because both come from God.
What are the Five Ways?
Aquinas' five arguments for God's existence.
Which argument begins with motion?
The First Mover argument.
Which argument begins with causation?
The First Cause argument.
Which argument argues from contingency?
The Necessary Being argument.
Which argument argues from degrees of perfection?
The Gradation argument.
Which argument argues from design?
The Teleological argument.
What is natural theology?
Knowledge of God gained through reason and observation.
What is revealed theology?
Knowledge of God received through Scripture and revelation.
How did Aquinas define theology?
A science grounded in divine revelation.
Why did Aquinas value Aristotle?
His philosophy helped explain Christian doctrine logically.
How did Aquinas understand grace and nature?
Grace perfects nature rather than destroying it.
What became Aquinas' greatest contribution?
Synthesizing Christian theology with Aristotelian philosophy.
Why is Aquinas still influential today?
His theology remains foundational for Roman Catholic thought.
Who challenged many medieval Catholic practices in the early 1500s?
Martin Luther.
What event traditionally marks the beginning of the Protestant Reformation?
The posting of the Ninety-Five Theses in 1517.
When did Luther post the Ninety-Five Theses?
1517.
What practice especially concerned Luther?
The sale of indulgences.
What is an indulgence?
A reduction of temporal punishment for sin according to Catholic teaching.
What doctrine became central to Luther's theology?
Justification by faith alone.
What does sola fide mean?
Faith alone.
What does sola scriptura mean?
Scripture alone is the highest authority for Christian belief.
How many sacraments did Luther retain?
TwoāBaptism and the Lord's Supper.
Who was the pope during the early Reformation?
Leo X.
What happened at the Diet of Worms in 1521?
Luther refused to recant his teachings.
What famous statement is associated with Luther at Worms?
"Here I stand; I can do no other."
Who translated the Bible into German?
Martin Luther.
Why was Luther's Bible translation significant?
It made Scripture accessible to ordinary people.
How did the printing press influence the Reformation?
It rapidly spread reform ideas across Europe.
What authority did Luther reject?
The supreme authority of the pope over Scripture.
How did the Reformation change Christianity?
It permanently divided Western Christianity.
What became the defining authority for Protestants?
The Bible.
Why is Luther one of the most influential figures in Christian history?
He initiated the Protestant Reformation and reshaped Western Christianity.