Child Psych Fertilization

ovulation

release of FSH, primary follicle matures to become a graafian follicle, follicle breaks open to release egg into abdominal cavity, egg moves through fallopian tube to uterus, period blood is food for embryo

FSH

makes ova able to reproduce

zygotic stage

cells multiply, right when pregnancy begins

sperm count is affected by…

1. stress

2. alcohol

3. smoking

4. marijuana

5. diet

6. testicular temperature

uterus

embryo implantation, contractions

ovaries

produce and store ova

fallopian tube

site of fertilization, ova pass through and plant embryo

vagina

birth canal, receives sperm

vulva

lubricate vagina opening

prefertilization

1. sperm goes through cervix and uterus into fallopian tubes

2. sperm meets egg in fallopian tube

3. sperm releases an enzyme to soften egg’s outer layer so they can enter

fertility drugs

1. clomiphene

   • used to induce ovulation, works 1/15 of the time

2. hMG of FSH

   • induces ovulation but drops many ova, more dangerous, work 1/3 of the time

gamete

mature male sperm or female egg

zygote (embryo)

when an egg and sperm unite

germinal stage

1. zygotes undergo cell division to make a morula

2. morula travels to uterus

3. when splits into 100 cells it gains a fluid filled center and is called a blastocyst

4. may float in uterus for several days

fertilized ovum > morula > blastocyst

chromosomes

1. 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

2. contains genes and DNA

3. gives us the parameters for skill (nature vs nurture)

units of heredity

1. DNA - nitrogen based molecules that make up genes

2. Genes - units of DNA that are arranged on chromosomes in pairs, determines traits

how does infant get 23 pairs of chromosomes?

both parents contribute 23 chromosomes, fuse at fertilization to make pairs in zygote, millions of possible combinations for a zygote

how does infant get gender?

23rd chromosome pair, XX = female, XY = male, mother always contributes X and father determines gender

additive effects

gene from mom and gene from dad, average out in child (ex. height)

non additive effects

gene from one parent “wins” over gene from other parent OR gene is same from both parents

dominant vs recessive

dominant gene is always expressed, recessive gene is typically ONLY expressed when paired with another recessive

carrier

person who has a recessive gene and one dominant gene for a trait, recessive gene not expressed

polygenetic influence

continuum that traits can fall on, scale

chromosomal syndromes

1. fragile X - breakage of X chromosome, different symptoms for boys and girls, autism

2. turner syndrome XO - girl missing genetic info on one of her X chromosomes, can’t have kids, underdeveloped at puberty,

3. klinefelter - extra genetic info in 23rd pair, boys look feminine, needs hormone treatment

4. superfemale XXX - girls have an extra X, increase heigh and probability of intellectual impairment

5. supermale XYY - behavior problems, “criminal behavior”

autosomes

22 pairs, provide other genetic info (hair color, eyes, skill level)

chromosomal conditions

1. down syndrome - extra genetic material at 21st autosome, look different, cognitive impairment, learning disabilities

2. williams syndrome - missing genetic info at 7th chromosomes, “pixieism,” decrease intellectual functioning and increase social skill

genetic conditions

1. huntington’s - dominant gene in chromosome 4, degenerating cells in body, affects age (30-50), difficult to control movement

2. cystic fibrosis - mutation gene 7, breathing problems, infertile

3. sickle cell anemia - common in Africans, recessive gene, combats malaria, changes red blood cell count

4. phenylketonuria (PKU) - defective gene in chromosome 12, blocks amino acid from reaching cells in body, results in uncontrolled movement

5. tay sachs disease (TSD) - jewish people, high levels of fatty acid, blindness, deaf, death, usually don’t live past 5

chromosomal abnormalities

occurs when gamete formed through uneven division, gamete has wrong number of single chromosomes (not 23), when baby is developing

what chromosome pair is more important? 1 or 22?

1 is more important

genetic counseling

predicting genetic/chromosomal abnormalities

needed when:

1. if already have child with abnormalities

2. if have relatives with abnormalities

3. if already had miscarriages

4. if parent age is high

5. if gene pool has had problems

Karim is thirty-five years old and trying to learn a third language. It is very difficult and Karim wonders whether it is even possible. What key question in developmental psychology is most related to Karim’s situation?

1. What kinds of changes can we typically expect across the lifespan?

2. Are there particular points in time across the lifespan where certain experiences are essential to development?

3. What are the ideal environments for people to develop and flourish in? Are they different for everyone?

4. How does an individual experience and respond to expectations from their social and cultural environments at various points in their life?

B

.

A high school teacher is teaching students about memory skills. What area of study within developmental psychology is this?

1. cognitive

2. psychosocial

3. sociocultural

4. biological

A

An economist publishes a study on the benefits to children of participating in a universal pre-kindergarten program. What field or perspective does this scholar’s contribution best represent?

1. psychology

2. behavioral economics

3. lifespan development

4. human development

D

William’s grandmother is very outgoing. She notices that William likes to strike up conversations whenever they run errands, so she makes an effort to plan such trips around his schedule so he can go with her. What concept is illustrated in this scenario?

1. epigenetics

2. reaction range

3. gene-environment correlation

4. sensitive period

C

Every day it seems three-year-old Sasha learns at least five new words. What concept does this most clearly illustrate?

1. discontinuous development

2. continuous development

3. the influence of nature

4. the influence of nurture

B

Jason is thirteen years old. His baseball coach advises him to be on the lookout for a sudden growth spurt and to work out regularly when these changes begin to happen. What concept is the coach trying to take advantage of?

1. sensitive period

2. critical period

3. stability

4. reaction range

A

Which two theorists both proposed stage theories?

1. Vygotsky, Bowlby

2. Bandura, Freud

3. Skinner, Pavlov

4. Piaget, Erikson

D

Which theory is most heavily focused on the role of the environment in development of certain behaviors?

1. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

2. Skinner’s theory of operant conditioning

3. Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

4. Bandura’s social learning theory

B

What do the theories of Erikson and Vygotsky have in common?

1. Both emphasize the social aspect of development.

2. Both study children’s responses to questions.

3. Both are stage theories based on continuous development.

4. Both focus on cognitive development

A

Which term best summarizes the contextual perspective of development?

1. adaptive

2. individualistic

3. interconnected

4. discontinuous

C

A child’s volleyball coach communicating with the child’s caregiver is an example of which system in the ecological system model?

1. microsystem

2. mesosystem

3. macrosystem

4. exosystem

D

Which of the following is an example of a cohort?

1. Many commuters get stuck in terrible traffic during a downpour in their city.

2. When both parents have blue eyes, there is a great chance of their offspring having blue eyes.

3. People going to a grocery store tend to look for sales and special offers.

4. Many people remember the explosion of the space shuttle Columbia in 2003.

D

What are two of the three identified components of socioeconomic status?

1. income level and education attainment

2. occupational prestige and social popularity

3. political clout and job title

4. business ownership and home value

A

What does the “W” in WEIRD stand for?

1. women

2. wisdom

3. well-being

4. Western

D

What is one of the most common problems associated with longitudinal studies?

1. ethical concerns

2. attrition of participants

3. difficulty of measuring results

4. lack of control

B

A researcher is interested in studying the recent pickleball craze, and wants to know how both newer and more seasoned players operate during the game. They go to a court and sit quietly among others watching various people playing the sport. Which research method is being used?

1. naturalistic observation

2. case study

3. survey

4. experiment

A

Researchers have a responsibility to explain the benefits and risk of research to potential participants, as well as ensure that participants know that they are free to discontinue their participation if they so choose. What is this explanation part of?

1. due diligence

2. debriefing

3. recruitment

4. informed consent

D