Music History 2 Quiz 2

So this is kind of a mess but this is everything I have from the class guided notes

A growing sense of what -ism was starting to grow in Europe in the 1810s?

Nationalism

What was replacing the 18th century cosmopolitan ideal?   

Composers need to compose true to their nationalistic identity.

What did the decline of aristocratic patronage mean for musicians?

1\.       Need to start making their living as freelancers, instead of working for rich people.

2\.       There are more opportunities for everyone to become musicians (less guilds) conservatories open up all over Europe.

Who was becoming the new market for musicians?  

Middle Class-Due to the industrial revolution

Why was the middle class important to musicians? 

1\.       They started to grow and had money to spend on music performance and music lessons.

2\.       They had more leisure time-time to interact (money) with music.

Who sponsored operas with political messages?   

State sponsored in France

Who organized wind bands?   

Factories for their employees

Why did factories organize wind bands for their employees

1\.      Elevates morale.

2\.      Builds a sense of community.

3\.       An outlet outside of alcohol

4\.       Provides entertainment.

5\.       Made working condition more appealing.

6\.       Preventing workers from organizing into labor unions.

 

What did the Industrial Revolution do for the piano? (Pianoforte)

1\.       Made pianos faster. (Used to be 20 pianos year, turned into 2000 pianos a year.)

2\.       Made pianos cheaper.

3\.       Improved the design of pianos, introduced: Damper Pedal, Metal Frame, Felt covered hammers, Standard Range (6 octaves then 7 later), __Double Escapement action (Impacts how music is written.)__

What other instruments were updated/improved/invented at this time?  How?

1. Harp-Double action mechanism,
2. Brass-Valve technology (Took idea off steam engine design)
3. Tuba was invented. (Immediately starts writing for tuba)
4. Flute-Gets the Boehme system with the padded keys and the rod/axel
5. Clarinet- Also gets the Boehme action.
6. Saxophone -Gets invented based on the Boehme system
7. Timpani-interlocking rods gears and screws improve tuning, /more flexible
8. Strings-Higher bridge, finger board is tilted down, bow changes (used to look like bows and arrows, now looks like modern bow)

What created a boom in music publishing?   

(More amateurs are available to play instruments) Printing new music is easier due to technology. Printing press.

In what ways did composers meet the public’s demand for new music? (Freelancers now)

1\.       Simple

2\.       Uniform

3\.       Appealing

What were the early Romanic innovations in harmony?

1\.        Unexpected progressons

2\.       Tonal Ambiguity

3\.       Light chromaticism

4\.       New progressions

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What did Romanticism in music focus on?

1\.      Melody

2\.       Emotion

3\.       Novelty

4\.       Individuality

 

The view of instrumental music changed how?  Why?   

(In classical vocal was consider the ideal) NOW Instrumental is considered the ideal romantic art, feeling communicated without words. -Considered higher art.

How was the written word still central to many instrumental compositions?  

  Program notes, Descriptive titles,

What was the preferred medium for song?

Voice with piano-Strophic, words were meant to be heard.

Please describe the use of text in songs at the time:

1\.       Acting

2\.       No dividing line between songs for connoisseur’s vs public

3\.

4\.


5. ???

What was the most influential and prestigious vocal repertoire of the 19the century

German Lied

Please describe how the German lied is the Quintessential Romantic genre: 

1\.      Fusion of music and poetry

2\.       One vs feelings

3\.       Musical imagery

4\.       Adding in nationalistic element

What as a Lyric? (Lyre)

1\.      Poems in ancient Greek/Rome

2\.       German Ballad

What influenced the German Lied?

German Ballad

With what topics did the German Ballad deal?  

Romantic Adventures of heros/supernatural events

From where did the German ballad come?  

Scottish, Irish, British Ballads

Where were two places in which British & American Parlor Songs were heard? 

Used in musical Theater,

In British and American parlor songs, where does expressivity lie?  How?

Solely in the voice part

What was the most famous British/American parlor song? By?

Home sweet home by Henry Bishop (Home Sweet Home)

Who was the first American composer to earn a living solely as a composer? 

Stephen Foster (Combined elements of german ballads, Italian opera, and irish folk.) Wrote for the stage and domestic use

For what type of singer was choral music written?   

Amateurs

Why was choral music seen as less prestigious than orchestral music at the time?   

It was written for the enjoyment of the performers//Amateurs

What industry benefitted from the popularity of choirs? 

Printing and selling a lot of copies with only a couple of parts was profitable.

What are Partsongs?   

Choral version of Lieder –(Unaccompanied)

What has happened with the Partsong repertoire?   

Amateur choirs fell out of style after a short while

What older genre of music was popular for large choruses?  What did this do?   

Oratorios (Large choruses)

Performances of whose oratorios helped to contribute to a revival of his works in general

Bach

The St. Matthew Passion by whom was conducted by whom for the first time in the 19th century?

What year?   

Mendelssohn 1829

What are four significant features of 19th century music in the Catholic Church?

1\.       Did not use amateur choirs. /Used clerics and choir boys

2\.       Women’s were excluded

3\.       Helped with reviving interest in the past// Palestrina (A Capella)

4\.      Actively promoted more works in the Palestrina style

Bonus: A lot of music is a capella, no women, Palestrina has a come back

What are three features of 19th century music in Protestant Churches?

1\.       Modeled music off Bach’s music.

2\.       SOME of them start to allow women to sing (A bunch of people hated that-Controversial)

3\.                   

What three things did Reform synagogues in Germany do musically?

1\.      Started to adopt practices from Protestantism-Sing congesional hymns and incorporates organ. //Only in Germany though

2\.???

3\.???

How was music in churches divided in the United States?   

Not only by sect of church but also by race

What churches in the United States developed music that would have enormous future influence

African American churches were changing things up a lot and were super influential.

What is Shape-note singing? (Still happening today)

1\.       Printed Solfege

2\.       Took shape of the note changed it to a different shape, to reflect solfege symbols. (Why is it still on the staff??)

3\.       Claims it made for easier better site reading-They wanted to get the congregation singing.

What type of accompaniment does Shape-note singing use

NONE

\*\*Why is Lowell Mason (1792-1872) important in the United States?  (Born a year after Mozart died)

Had western European music education.

1\.       Founded the Boston academy of music to provide music education to children.

2\.      Super intendent at the Boston public schools, HE IS THE REASON WE HAVE PUBLIC MUSIC EDUCATION

3\.       ENCOURAGED WESTERN EUROPEAN METHOD OF MUSIC EDUCATION

What functions did works for piano provide at this time?

1\.      Teaching piano for theory/music education

2\.       For public performances-For the “REAL” Musicians

3\.       For amateur enjoyment-used for dances and chill times

 

Chopin’s dates:  

(1810-1849)

Where was Chopin born, and in what city did he settle and stay?  

Warsaw -Part of Russia at the time, (He has a French father and polish mother) Studied at conservatory. Goes on tour twice, the second time in 1830. Moves straight to and SETTLES IN PARIS!!!!!!!!!!! (Enters the highest social circles become piano teacher to the wealthiest people in Paris.)

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As a performer, Chopin was known for his what?

Private concerts and salons

How did Chopin support himself when he was not on tour?

Charges an arm and leg for lessons and private concerts- makes bank on his reputation, sells a ton of published music.

What are three ways that this affect his performances? 

???

For what genres did Chopin compose?   

  For __PIANO__

200 pieces for solo piano alone!!

As a composer, for what are his works known?

1\.       Idiomatic writing-best writing for the way the instrument functions.

2\.       Appealing to both amateurs and connoisseurs.

3\.        Polish Nationalism

Chopin’s music could have a nationalistic flavor for which county?  What types of music did he write that frequently reflected this?   

Polish, Dances, Mazurkas,

What did Chopin write that were intended as training pieces?  How were his different from previous examples of such pieces?  How did he change the concept of its use? 

Etudes and Preludes-Music for learning with like actual musical content. Introduces concert Etudes as actual respectable repertoire. 

Nocturne à Night Music- Evokes the feeling of night.

Chopin’s greatest musical achievement was what?   

???

Chopin’s Sonata No. 2 in Bb minor uses what instead of a more standard slow mov’t?   

???

What other two things are important to know about this movement? 

???

String quartets and chamber music increasingly become performed where?   

Public-Increasing in importance

By the mid-century, what were string quartets and chamber music increasing viewed as?  

 Very Conservative/old fashioned

for composers who chose to compose chamber music, how did they treat them?

???

What type of performing group was central to public concert life in the 19th century?   

Orchestra -both amateurs a professional

What type of audience did an orchestra concert pull in in the 19th century?   

The public/middle class audience

Playing in an orchestra gradually became what?  

A Profession

The population of an orchestra was what at that time?   

All Men ☹ -won’t change until the mid-20th century.

How has the orchestra evolved now in the Romantic Era? 

1\.      Instruments had improved-more in tune ect.

2\.       Greater variety then ever before -English horn, Base clarinet

3\.       Brass and wind sections became equal to the strings.

In what section did the orchestra expand the most at this time?   

More percussion was added,

(Fully chromatic pedal harp was added-Harps were normally played by women)

The leader of the orchestra gradually shifted to whom in the 19th century?  

Gradually taken over by the CONDUCTOR.

What did Louis Spohr first introduce while rehearsing the London Phil in 1820?

Introduced the modern baton.

What was the initial role of a conductor?   

Keep the orchestra together.

By the 1840s, what musical function were conductors providing?

Interpreters of the music

What did some of the conductors have in common with the virtuosi?

(Virtuoso-Great Talent) became know for being a composer?

In the Romantic era, programming at a concert contained what?   

Variety of genres

What was the first concert for a single medium?  When did it occur?  

1839- Dranz diszt did his solo piano meital  -ensembles followed later

Why were more one-movement works being programmed? 

 They were concerned about length-Overtures and Concertinos

Why focus on classical era?:

·       Keep it alive,

·       people knew it already,

·       it was cheaper.

·       Easier for amateurs to perform.

·       Promoted as alternative to the present.

·       Virtuoso as specialist with unique interpretation

What did “serious” musician now champion?

The classics

By the end of the 19th century, how had demeanors changed at concerts?  

Rise of the connoisseur cause for a more serious demeanor at concerts-audiences were expected to sit quietly and listen

      why? Middle class wanted to “Distinguish themselves” from the lower class.

Music was meant to be enjoyed quietly

Franz Schubert’s

First great master of the romantic lied

How did Franz Schubert support himself as a musician?   

PUBLICATION -sales of his music

Of what did Franz Schubert die so young

Died at 31-siphilace? Or the treatment, (Mercury poisoning from the treatment)

What was Schubert the first great master of?   

Romantic Lied

What did he do with the form in his lied? Why?   

Deviates from the normal form. For expressive purposes

Schubert is known for creating what in all of his music?

BEAUTIFUL MELODIES!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

What type of modulations did Schubert enjoy using? Instead of what standard?  Who eventually adapted this same modulation idea? 

(modulating key schemes was typically by 5ths) HE WAS THE FIRST WHO MODULATED BY THIRDS AROUND THE OCTAVE!!

(He elevates the music with whats important to the singer??????)

When Schubert’s lieder became known __where__, they helped the development of __what__?   

France-He became famous there because of his Lied. → Led to the development of the melodie

What were Schubert’s three favorite musical genres in which to write?

1\.      lied

2\.       Partsongs-Vocal Composer

3\.       Piano works

Schubert blended his song style with the needs of what? 

 (His audience? The singers?)

Schubert’s approach to sonata form did what?   

(Blends with songstyle, his piano pieces were very vocal?) three keys in the exposition instead of two-started to break out of the standard sonata form.

What were gatherings of friends, playing Schubert’s music called?   

Schubertriads

Schubert also wrote lots of what, modeled after Mozart & Haydn?   

Chamber music-String quartets

Why is Schubert’s Trout Quintet called such?  

Most important work. Name comes from the fourth movement-includes variations on a lied he wrote called the trout.

What of Schubert’s did an academic dub “The Beethoven Project”?  

Set out to master the genres Beethoven is taking by storm, Schubert was competing with Beethoven. Used his string quartets to compete.

(String quartet cmaj-considered his master piece written shortly after his death, was actually a quintet?)

What was Schubert’s goal with the symphony?

Trying to maintain the outward form of the symphony, while on the inside he is trying to maintain the form of his lieds,àgoes full romantic.

How many movements does Schubert’s *Unfinished Symphony* have?  How many was it supposed to have?  When was it first premiered?   

It has two movements. -it was supposed to have 4 but he just kind of abandoned it/got distracted. Its didn’t premier till after he died, since it got lost.

Why are three reasons why Schubert’s Symphony No. 9 in C Major is called “The Great”? 

1\.       Its longer than the small “C Major”

2\.       Using more colored instruments

3\.???

What number can Schubert’s Symphony No. 9 (The Great) also be called?  

No. 7

Why did it take until 11 years after his death for Schubert’s Symphony No. 9 (the Great) to finally be premiered? 

1\.       (He offers it to the Vienna, they decided it was too hard and refused to perform it, twice)

Which orchestra finally premiered it?   

In 1839 (Tried to premier it at the London Phil, they made fun of it) (Paris said no way/turned it down) GEWANDHAUS PREMIERED IT THE FIRST TIME. NEW YORK PHIL. PREMIERED IT IN USA.

Robert Schumann’s dates:   

(1810-1856) -Way younger than Schubert

For what genres is Robert Schumann known?

1\.       Lieder

2\.       Piano music

3\.       symphonies